The Celtic calendar was lunar based, with thirteen months. Extra days as needed were added at new year's as a "time between times." The ancient Celts divided
year into a wheel of eight segments, each with a corresponding festival. The four fire festivals, so-called because all include bonfires as part of
celebration, take place on
last evening of a month and
following day. The Celts, like
Jews, count a day from sunset to sunset. That's why we celebrate All Hallow's Eve, Midsummer's Eve, and so on.
These four fire festivals are tied to
agricultural cycle as follows:
Samhain is celebrated on October 31-November 1 (our Halloween). It is
end of
harvest,
beginning of winter and once marked
Celtic new year. At Samhain,
barrier between our world and
Otherworld thins, allowing contacts between
spirits (faeries) and humans. Normal rules of human conduct do not apply and one may "run wild". This was also a festival of
dead and
church was easily able to transform these holidays into All Saint's Day (November 1) and All Soul's Day (November 2).
Imbolc is celebrated February 1-2 (later transformed into Candlemas by
church, and popular now as Groundhog Day). Imbolc marked
beginning of Spring,
beginning of new life (in Britain
beginning of lambing season). Dedicated to
ancient mother goddess in her maiden aspect, it was later transformed into a feast day for
Irish saint of
same name (and attributes), St. Brigid.
The third festival of
agricultural year is Beltane (Bealtunn in Scots Gaelic, meaning May Day), celebrated April 30-May 1. The god, Bel (or Cernunnos,
horned god of Ireland) dies but is reborn as
goddess' son. He then impregnates her ensuring
neverending cycle of rebirth. This is very basic fertility worship. May Day traditions includes young people picking flowers in
woods (and spending
night there), and
dance around
May Pole, weaving red (for
god) and white (for
goddess) streamers round and round. A great bonfire celebrates
return of
sun.
The final celebration of
agricultural year is Lughnasadh (Lammas in England),
feast of
god Lugh and
first fruits of
harvest (generally wheat or corn). Lughnasadh is celebrated August 31-September 1. At Lammas,
Corn King dies (to be reborn at spring), ensuring plenty for
winter.