by Anthony Kane, MD

Introduction

Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is a psychiatric behavior disorder that is characterized by aggressiveness and a tendency to purposefully bother and irritate others. These behaviors cause significant difficulties with family and friends and at school or work.

Oppositional defiant disorder is sometimes a precursor of conduct disorder. Much of literature tends to lump these two conditions together. However, they seem to be distinct entities and, although conduct disorder does have a genetic component, ODD does not.

Description

Oppositional defiant children show a consistent pattern of refusing to follow commands or requests by adults. These children repeatedly lose their temper, argue with adults, and refuse to comply with rules and directions. They are easily annoyed and blame others for their mistakes. Children with ODD show a pattern of stubbornness and frequently test limits, even in early childhood.

These children can be manipulative and often induce discord in those around them. Commonly they can incite parents and other family members to fight with one and other rather than focus on child, who is source of problem.

Behavioral Symptoms

Common behaviors seen in oppositional defiant disorder include:

Losing one’s temper Arguing with adults Actively defying requests Refusing to follow rules Deliberately annoying other people Blaming others for one's own mistakes or misbehavior Being touchy, easily annoyed Being easily angered, resentful, spiteful, or vindictive. Speaking harshly, or unkind when upset Seeking revenge Having frequent temper tantrums

Many parents report that their ODD children were rigid and demanding from an early age.

Normal children, especially around ages or 2 or 3 or during teenage years display most of these behaviors from time to time. When children are tired, hungry, or upset, they may be defiant. However, children with oppositional defiant disorder display these behaviors more frequently and to extent that they and interfere with learning, school adjustment, and, sometimes, with child's social relationships.

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of ODD is not always straight forward and needs to be made by a psychiatrist or some other qualified mental health professional after a comprehensive evaluation. The child must be evaluated for other disorders as well since ODD usually does not come alone. If child has ADHD, mood disorders, or anxiety disorders, these other problems must be addressed before you can begin to work with ODD.

If you feel your child may have ODD, there is a quick screening test. Go to:

http://addadhdadvances.com/ODDtest.html

Causes

What is cause of ODD? The real answer is that nobody knows. However, since as scientist we hate to admit this, we have currently have two theories.

The developmental theory proposes that ODD is really a result of incomplete child development. For some reason, these children never complete developmental tasks that normal children learn to master during toddler years.

The learning theory suggests that ODD comes as a response to negative interactions. The techniques used by parents and authority figures on these children bring about oppositional defiant behavior.

ODD is most common psychiatric diagnosis in children and it usually persists into adulthood. One would think a lot of research would be done on this condition. That is not case. While there are hundreds of research studies on ADHD and childhood mood disorders, there is very little research on ODD.

Co-morbidity

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