Keltic SeafaringWritten by Robert Bruce Baird
Many academics are unable to handle possibility of ships that travelled oceans as long ago as Franchithi Caves dig that showed 13,000 B.C. community fishing fleets. It even was hard for most to accept Kelts at time of Caesar had this technology at that time despite words of Caesar. Some people think knowledge once gained is never lost but that is far from true. Barry Fell was a Harvard Professor of Oceanography before he got bug to expose truth. Some (Like Wiseman in Archaeology Magazine of ‘Camelot in Kentucky’ article from 2001) ridicule Fell as "self-taught" in matters such as Ogham. Truth is, Fell took one of only small courses available at time from Edinburgh University. Who can really learn truth from academics that hide it? His name was made dirt by academics but his legacy from America B.C and Bronze Age America has been sweet vindication. Here is a little of story of his travails, which is presented for more reason than just obvious need to reinforce on existence and loss of Keltic seacraft technology. The rise and fall of Celtic sea power has been strangely neglected {Although movie 'Spartacus' shows Kirk Douglas arranging passage to Italy from Kelts[Silesians and Galatians are Kelts back to time of Punt] who ruled Sea.} by most historians and archaeologists as to prompt much skepticism when first I began to report Celtic inscription in America. 'I can't say I've ever heard that Celts were seafarers,' was a typical comment. Those who recall that Julius Caesar described Britons as mostly naked savages, wearing only iron torques about their necks, {A torquetum or tanawa is an ancient sextant known to have existed in this period as Maui navigated for a well known Greek and was able to calculate longitude.} sometimes with skin of a beast cast over shoulders, think of Britons as having nothing better than one-man coracles for crossing water. Nothing could be further from truth. In fact, most of Book III of Caesar's 'De Bello Gallico' is devoted to greatest naval battle he was ever called upon to mount. And his adversaries? None other than Celts of Brittany, whose fleet was swelled by arrival of a flotilla they had summoned from their allies in Britain! The combined Gallic and British naval armament comprised an immensely powerful force, numbering, so Caesar tells us, no less than 220 ships, all larger than and superior in construction to those of opposing Roman navy under Admiral Brutus. These Celtic ships, Caesar says, were so soundly constructed that they could outride tempestuous or contrary winds upon very ocean itself without sustaining injury ('De Bello Gallico', books III,XIII,I.). It is clear that these fine vessels, which towered over Roman galleys, had capability of crossing Atlantic Ocean 'vasto atque aperto mari', "upon vast open sea," as Caesar indicates."(2) Does it cross your mind that these ships were in fact employed in such voyages to Americas? Why had Caesar never seen their like before? The wind went down and Roman galleys threw grappling hooks into Celtic rigging and sails then boarded them. Caesar made a deal (as was his wont) with cousins of his ancestors who were not in control of all. He gave them full citizenship of Rome, which they in fact had established after defeating Tarquin kings of Etruria. Thus nature of Catholicism and Anglican church has a long and sordid past association, as they outlawed Druids and put a bounty on their heads. Can you see why we think Toltecs or others in America might have Druidic roots? There is no further mention of British or Gaulish naval vessels in Caesar's commentaries, nor does Tacitus in century that followed give any space or consideration to native naval might. It seems that battle against Veneti was end of Celtic sea power in classical times. Except for periodic truculence by British chiefs like Queen Boadicaea. NORMAN TOTTEN: - “The Eye of God and Agricultural Grid By Norman Totten Bentley College, Waltham, Massachusetts Impetus for this kind of research was need to understand “atna-kuna” motif so prevalent in Celtic New England and Iberia, and frequently associated with “eye of Bel”. James Whittall has been locating examples of it in Portugal and Spain. Fell, Dix, and Oedel have recently published observations about it. This presentation is limited to what seems to be two predominant symbolic forms of sun and earth in ancient inscriptions - - eye of sun god and cultivated field grid. Both have occurred in numerous varieties, visually and phonetically. This paper should be read as a progress report, incomplete in its consideration and somewhat tentative in its conclusions regarding a vast and complex problem. I. Morphology and Dissemination: Eye of Sun Though he later equivocated about which direction evolution had occurred, Sir Arthur Evans (1984, p. 303) set forth basic forms of eye of Ra - - from one complete with lashes (rays) to a circle (pupil) enclosing a smaller circle or dot (iris).” (6) This is important to understanding worldwide cultures and elite corporate traders. The circle with a dot is Mark of Qayin or Cain (Gardner’s Genesis of Grail Kings and other sources) and as such it is adept cartouche or signifying token for family of Jesus and ‘arch-tectons’ (Septuagint) of Great Pyramid. In ‘Bel’ we have Keltic God as well as Mesopotamian (later) God. To find them so closely associated or connected in Iberias that now carry names like Spain, Ireland and North America adds a great additional clue to Tartessian (source of ‘Biblical Ships of Tarshis’) sites being excavated or studied in Anatolia and Portugal. They all start with Iberia in Caspian and Black Sea region that is genetic homeland of Kelts some 30-35,000 years ago. Because we can genetically and forensically trace and track these people and marry them to dateable artifacts we have a credible history untainted by kingly or priestly power mongers. Another ESOP excerpt from work of Totten deals with Moroccan monastics exiled to America in 5th Century AD. “In Figuig monks were solitary (monachos), but in communal life (Koinos Bios) of brothers (fratres), a friary. Their form of testifying (martyrium) under persecution was not death in an arena for pleasure of pagan spectators but exile, exile to wilderness of America.” (7) TERRACOTTA HEAD OF A ROMAN IN MEXICO: - "This year, Scandinavians celebrate 1,000 years since Leif Ericsson sailed to New World from Greenland. Bjarni Herjolfsson was supposedly first to step ashore on New World. Historians have long believed that Ericsson's colony at L'Anse aux Meadows, on northern-most tip of Newfoundland, represented first evidence of Europeans on continent {When Farley Mowat wrote about it in 'Westviking' he was ridiculed.}. However, a wide variety of archaeological evidence points to earlier contact. A black terracotta head of a bearded man, about 2 in (5cm) tall, found in Toluca Valley about 40 miles (64km) west of Mexico City in 1933 and dated by thermoluminescence to about 200 AD, could be first reliable proof that Roman sailors reached America. It is different in style from any other known pre-Columbian artwork and has been identified as Roman by art experts. Although much was written about head since its discovery, its whereabouts were unknown until 1994, when it was found locked away in a Mexico City museum by a US anthropologist appropriately named Dr Roman Hristov.
| | Why Condition Your Boiler Water?Written by Thomas Yoon
A boiler is used for generating steam. It does this by heating water to its boiling point, after which steam will evaporate from it. When you boil a kettle of water, you will shut off fire or electric power when water comes to a boil. No so with a steam boiler. Generation of steam is a continuous process. Once a boiler is generating steam, it may take quite a long while before it is stopped. When steam is evaporated from water, new water has to be added in to replace water given out. As more and more steam is evaporated, water becomes more and more concentrated with salts and other impurities. If you use your kettle for a long while, you will see some chalky deposits inside it. The fresh water supplied to replenish those lost through evaporation cannot be pure and free from salts. Even minute quantities of salt in water will eventually become so concentrated as to form scales or deposits. The deposits are usually calcium or magnesium salts. These scales are very damaging to boiler because they interfere with heat transfer and can lead to overheating and eventually, boiler rupture.
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