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A review of
circumstances surrounding head's discovery confirmed it was placed in its burial ground no later than 1510 - a decade before Spanish arrived in Meso-America. Crucially, head was excavated from site by professionals, said David Kelley, an archaeologist at University of Calgary, in Alberta {Professor Emeritus} Canada. 'This was sealed under three floors, it’s as close to archaeological certainty as you can get.' {Emphasis and N.B.}
Archaeologist David Grove, of University of Illinois, agreed that head was Roman, but pointed out that there was no evidence of Roman influence on pre-Columbian cultures. He suggested that head could have been washed ashore from a Roman shipwreck in Gulf of Mexico. Even so, there seems no denying that Roman sailors had reached American waters. 'Ancient Mesoamerica, v.10, p.207; Scotsman, Guardian, D. Mail, 10 Feb; New Scientist, 12 Feb 2000.'
Mark McManamin, professor of geography and geology at Mount Holyoke College, Massachusetts, is convinced that Carthaginians discovered America between 350 and 320 BC. In a recent issue of 'The Numismatic' magazine, and at a meeting of American Friends of Tunisia Association in May 1999, he interpreted a series of puzzling gold coins of that period as depictions of known world, including a land mass to west of Spain. Experts on ancient trade routes believe that Carthaginians almost certainly reached coast of Brazil, where Punic amphorae (containing olive oil and wine) have been found; and Punic coins of 4th century BC have been excavated at seven sites in eastern United States, unfortunately not specified in our source ('Jeune Afrique’, Paris,7, 1 Sept 1999). According to Xinhua Chinese press agency last August, similarities between nearly 300 markings found on pottery, jade and stone at unspecified ancient native sites in central America closely resemble 3,000-year-old Shang dynasty characters for sun, sky, rain, water, crops, trees and stars inscribed on animal bones or tortoise shells, known as Jiaguwen. American and Chinese pictographs in 56 matching sets were shown to senior academics at a symposium in Anyang, former capital of Shang dynasty.
These impressive similarities add fuel to theories that Chinese arrived in Americas before end of Shang dynasty in 221 BC. Shang legends state that a king led his people on a journey to east, with some scholars believing that it took them across Bering Strait to North America. The Chinese classic, 'Shan Hai King' of about 2250 BC, contains what seems to be an accurate description of Grand Canyon. {We have articles describing a massive complex being found dug into walls of Grand Canyon at a significant height up from where river now flows. Pictures of a Buddha-like statue that is a lotus god from Egypt are in article. The US government put it off limits after Smithsonian went and made a report verifying an earlier report from credible people early in 20th century. You can't get to area any easy way, even if you wanted to go behind officials. The Grand Canyon was one of my accounts when I worked in area.} Peanuts and maize have been found at ancient Chinese sites dating back to 3000 BC. The orthodox view is that neither of these plants left their native America before their export by European colonists in 16th century AD.
In AD 499, a Chinese Buddhist monk, Hui Shen, returned to China claiming to have spent 40 years in land of Fu Sang. He left a record of country he visited, which has been recorded in official histories - a land thought by some modern scholars to be ancient Mexico.
Then there is 3,000-year-old pottery found on Valdivian coast of Ecuador, decorated and incised in exactly same way as pottery from Jomon area of Japan {We touched on Canadian Museum of Civilization and a lie saying there was evidence of earlier local industry.}, and not preceded in Ecuador by plainer and simpler bowls and urns, 'National Post (Toronto), 27 Aug; D. Telegraph, 28 Aug 1999'. The maverick historian Farley Mowat recently brought out 'The Farfarers: Before Norse', in which he argues that first Europeans to reach America were 'Albans' {A site in central America has a similar name.} who set off from north of Scotland in 8th century AD in search of walrus ivory (for centuries considered more valuable than gold), sailing from Iceland to Greenland and northern Labrador. The 78-year-old kilted Canadian author {Who my oldest brother's first wife's father spent two years with as a missionary in Arctic.} maintains that remains of long houses far above tree-line in northern Quebec were built by these immigrants {Yet I've read articles saying Mowat has no first hand experience and other stupid remarks about an eminently honest person who has nothing but disdain for most academics.}. His 36 books on life, history and ecology of North America have sold 15 million copies, and he shrugs off scorn of conventional historians. 'Times, 9 Nov. 1999. For a general round up of pre-Columbian discovery-of-America claims, see FT61:26-28.’” (3)
My first-hand viewing of many sculpted or cast heads at Villas Archaeologique and fresco of blond warriors at Temple of Warriors there (Chichen Itza) is just one of a thousand other factual things you'll see in this encyclopedia. Botany brings American sweet potato that convinced nay sayers in that discipline, which had been insistent they were right. Sociologists, geologists and map makers as well as historians and oceanographers and physicists are all included as every possible area of study has good evidence liars had good reason to hide their true purposes from people they sought to abuse. 'Liars' is a very kind word, and it was quite gracious of Amerindians to say white man spoke with a tongue that is forked.
A fool thinks he is a wise man, a wise man knows he is a fool. World-Mysteries.com guest expert Columnist at The ES Press Magazine
