The Wages of Science - Part II

Written by Sam Vaknin


Inrepparttar absence of efficient capital markets and adventuresome capitalists, some developing countries have taken this propensity to extremes. Inrepparttar 112614 Philippines, close to 100 percent of all R&D is government-financed. The meltdown of foreign direct investment flows - they declined by nearly three fifths since 2000 - only rendered state involvement more indispensable.

But this is not a universal trend. South Korea, for instance, effected a successful transition to private venture capital which now - even afterrepparttar 112615 Asian turmoil of 1997 andrepparttar 112616 global downturn of 2001 - amounts to four fifths of all spending on R&D.

Thus, supporting ubiquitous government entanglement in science is overdoing it. Most applied R&D is still conducted by privately owned industrial outfits. Even "pure" science - unadulterated by greed and commerce - is sometimes bankrolled by private endowments and foundations.

Moreover,repparttar 112617 conduits of government involvement in research,repparttar 112618 universities, are only weakly correlated with growing prosperity. As Alison Wolf, professor of education atrepparttar 112619 University of London elucidates in her seminal tome "Does Education Matter? Myths about Education and Economic Growth", published last year, extra years of schooling and wider access to university do not necessarily translate to enhanced growth (though technological innovation clearly does).

Terence Kealey, a clinical biochemist, vice-chancellor ofrepparttar 112620 University of Buckingham in England and author of "The Economic Laws of Scientific Research", is one of a growing band of scholars who disputerepparttar 112621 intuitive linkage between state-propped science and economic progress. In an interview published last week by Scientific American, he recounted how he discovered that:

"Of allrepparttar 112622 lead industrial countries, Japan -repparttar 112623 country investing least in science - was growing fastest. Japanese science grew spectacularly under laissez-faire. Its science was actually purer than that ofrepparttar 112624 U.K. orrepparttar 112625 U.S. The countries withrepparttar 112626 next least investment were France and Germany, and were growing next fastest. Andrepparttar 112627 countries withrepparttar 112628 maximum investment wererepparttar 112629 U.S., Canada and U.K., all of which were doing very badly atrepparttar 112630 time."

The Economist concurs: "it is hard for governments to pick winners in technology." Innovation and science sprout in - or migrate to - locations with tough laws regarding intellectual property rights, a functioning financial system, a culture of "thinking outsiderepparttar 112631 box" and a tradition of excellence.

Government can only remove obstacles - especially red tape and trade tariffs - and nudge things inrepparttar 112632 right direction by investing in infrastructure and institutions. Tax incentives are essential initially. But ifrepparttar 112633 authorities meddle, they are bound to ruin science and be rued by scientists.

Still, all forms of science funding - both public and private - are lacking.

State largesse is ideologically constrained, oft-misallocated, inefficient and erratic. Inrepparttar 112634 United States, mega projects, such asrepparttar 112635 Superconducting Super Collider, with billions already sunk in, have been abruptly discontinued as were numerous other defense-related schemes. Additionally, some knowledge gleaned in government-funded research is barred fromrepparttar 112636 public domain.

But industrial money can be worse. It comes with strings attached. The commercially detrimental results of drug studies have been suppressed by corporate donors on more than one occasion, for instance. Commercial entities are unlikely to support basic research as a public good, ultimately made available to their competitors as a "spillover benefit". This understandable reluctance stifles innovation.

Health Insurance for Seniors on the Web

Written by William Pritchett


Health Insurance For Seniors On The Net

When a good friend of mine inquired where he could obtain information about medical insurance for his out-of-state, elderly mother, I told him to tryrepparttar Internet.

He reported back to me about a week later, in desperation: "I am giving up, I am too confused." He had taken on an overwhelming project with his widowed mother, living in another state. Asrepparttar 112613 only child, and followingrepparttar 112614 sudden death of his father, it was his responsibility to care for his mother.

In this world of technology,repparttar 112615 family unit is often living in different geographical areas andrepparttar 112616 family members are usually quite involved with their own lives, careers, and families. In addition, when both parents are alive, often one or both parents are quite independent and do not require a lot of assistance. As time goes on things, of course, change, and sometimes change very suddenly. There can be a crisis, with regard torepparttar 112617 health care needs of one or both aging parents.

With our baby boomers facing this problem in ever increasing numbers, and withrepparttar 112618 information highway in full bloom, there is a definite need for planning.

Protecting your parent's assets and health is a huge and daunting undertaking, which requires a tremendous amount of education and practical application. Our seniors face many diverse responsibilities upon reaching age 65. To name just a few: Estate planning, taxation, Medicare, social security, wills, insurance, and various other legal and financial matters. All of these different areas require expertise from accountants, lawyers, estate planners, insurance agents, home brokers, financial advisors, and others.

The Internet is a good starting point for most people to find resources for questions and solutions for your problems. There is, however, no replacement for good solid intelligent advice from an expert.

Twenty years ago, insurance for elders was sold by "senior insurance specialists", with just a handful of companies in each state. The programs were most often Medi-gap or Medicare supplemental policies, which coveredrepparttar 112619 expenses not covered by Medicare, including hospital and doctor deductibles, durable medical devices, and non-approved Medicare costs. Ironically these specialists did not sell a lot of nursing care policies, even though Medicare paid a national average of less than 2% of these expenses. Withrepparttar 112620 advent of "financial and estate planning" and more insurance companies entering this market, a more broad and diversified product line became available to agents, brokers, planners, and seniors.

Part of this new diversification wasrepparttar 112621 "home health care plan", sold by itself, and in conjunction with senior health insurance products. The appeal ofrepparttar 112622 "home health care policy" was that a senior could stay at home and still receive medical and custodial benefits, allowing a person to recuperate inrepparttar 112623 comfort of their own home.

This wasrepparttar 112624 answer to a huge problem. The last place an older person wanted to go was a "retirement home", or "rest home", or, God forbid,repparttar 112625 "nursing home." It appeared that seniors could now rely on this new innovation without worry of having to move out of their home environment inrepparttar 112626 event of a health problem.

As with most things," if it is too good to be true".... The home health care policy is no exception. The problem is, there is not enough coverage for a lengthy illness or recuperation time. The fact is,repparttar 112627 new trend is toward an "all in one" type facility, allowing for a variety of levels of care all in one location. In other words a senior could start off with little or no health care concerns in an independent, less expensive area, and then go to an assisted living, or nursing care facility, all withinrepparttar 112628 same compound.

A "nursing home" requires a nurse onrepparttar 112629 premises 24 hours per day, assisted living is just eight hours. The advantages to this are financial. The patient or senior is only charged according torepparttar 112630 care level required duringrepparttar 112631 time he or she is admitted to that facility. Another benefit is it alleviates a lot of planning becauserepparttar 112632 care is delivered, as it is needed. The medical attention is available to all residents regardless of their current health.

Some people are offered a lifetime package, which covers their care forrepparttar 112633 rest of their life, regardless of their current age. It also allows for social outlets to an otherwise somewhat isolated group. On-line shopping services have become a huge business. It is definitely here to stay and many insurance policies are purchased from Internet quotes and on-line applications.

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