When you set out to borrow, you often come across terms like unsecured loans, revolving loans, adjustable rate loans, etc. While these terms are more or less self-explanatory, it is still useful to be clear on their exact meanings and what they imply before you finalize a loan contract. Unsecured versus secured loans
As name implies, a secured loan is one where you offer collateral of some kind against loan. That means, if you default on loan, lender has right (but not obligation) to take possession of asset you have pledged.
In most cases, this asset would be what lender has financed. For example, when you take a home loan, you offer home as collateral.
There may also be cases where you may need to offer additional collateral over and above asset that is being financed. This happens, for example, when lender is financing close to 100% of an asset that is prone to rapid reduction in market value. In such cases, lender may insist on your putting up another asset so as to provide a reasonable margin of protection to lender in case of default.
Unsecured loans are those where such collateral arrangements do not exist. These loans are granted based on your credit standing, ability to repay and other factors.
All other factors being equal, a secured loan may be offered at a lower interest rate as compared to an unsecured loan. That’s obviously because of lower risk associated with secured loan -- should you default, lender has an asset to fall back on. Sometimes you end up with a choice -- you can take a loan on either a secured on an unsecured basis. The difference in APRs may be quite significant in such cases. However, being offered a choice like this is comparatively rare in consumer financing, but may exist in financing businesses.
Installment versus revolving loans
A revolving loan is one where you have access to a continuous source of credit, up to a pre-determined credit limit. If limit is say, $10,000, you can borrow any amount up to $10,000. And typically, you can repay all or part of amount you borrowed at a time of your choosing, within overall tenor of loan.
You pay interest only on amount you borrow for time you borrow it. Sometimes, banks may charge a commitment fee for making a revolving line of credit available to you. This fee is usually charged on average unutilized amount of your limit.