When you set out to borrow, you often come across terms like unsecured loans, revolving loans, adjustable rate loans, etc. While these terms are more or less self-explanatory, it is still useful to be clear on their exact meanings and what they imply before you finalize a loan contract. Unsecured versus secured loans
As
name implies, a secured loan is one where you offer collateral of some kind against
loan. That means, if you default on
loan,
lender has
right (but not
obligation) to take possession of
asset you have pledged.
In most cases, this asset would be what
lender has financed. For example, when you take a home loan, you offer
home as collateral.
There may also be cases where you may need to offer additional collateral over and above
asset that is being financed. This happens, for example, when
lender is financing close to 100% of an asset that is prone to rapid reduction in market value. In such cases,
lender may insist on your putting up another asset so as to provide a reasonable margin of protection to
lender in case of default.
Unsecured loans are those where such collateral arrangements do not exist. These loans are granted based on your credit standing, ability to repay and other factors.
All other factors being equal, a secured loan may be offered at a lower interest rate as compared to an unsecured loan. That’s obviously because of
lower risk associated with
secured loan -- should you default,
lender has an asset to fall back on. Sometimes you end up with a choice -- you can take a loan on either a secured on an unsecured basis. The difference in APRs may be quite significant in such cases. However, being offered a choice like this is comparatively rare in consumer financing, but may exist in financing businesses.
Installment versus revolving loans
A revolving loan is one where you have access to a continuous source of credit, up to a pre-determined credit limit. If
limit is say, $10,000, you can borrow any amount up to $10,000. And typically, you can repay all or part of
amount you borrowed at a time of your choosing, within
overall tenor of
loan.
You pay interest only on
amount you borrow for
time you borrow it. Sometimes, banks may charge a commitment fee for making a revolving line of credit available to you. This fee is usually charged on
average unutilized amount of your limit.