The European Court of Human Rights agreed yesterday - more than two years after
applications have been filed - to hear six cases filed by Chechens against Russia. The claimants accuse
Russian military of torture and indiscriminate killings. The Court has ruled in
past against
Russian Federation and awarded assorted plaintiffs thousands of euros per case in compensation.As awareness of human rights increased, as their definition expanded and as new, often authoritarian polities, resorted to torture and repression - human rights advocates and non-governmental organizations proliferated. It has become a business in its own right: lawyers, consultants, psychologists, therapists, law enforcement agencies, scholars and pundits tirelessly peddle books, seminars, conferences, therapy sessions for victims, court appearances and other services.
Human rights activists target mainly countries and multinationals.
In June 2001,
International Labor Rights Fund filed a lawsuit on behalf of 11 villagers against
American oil behemoth, ExxonMobile, for "abetting" abuses in Aceh, Indonesia. They alleged that
company provided
army with equipment for digging mass graves and helped in
construction of interrogation and torture centers.
This past November,
law firm of Cohen, Milstein, Hausfeld & Toll joined other American and South African law firms in filing a complaint that "seeks to hold businesses responsible for aiding and abetting
apartheid regime in South Africa ... forced labor, genocide, extrajudicial killing, torture, sexual assault, and unlawful detention".
Among
accused: "IBM and ICL which provided
computers that enabled South Africa to ... control
black South African population. Car manufacturers provided
armored vehicles that were used to patrol
townships. Arms manufacturers violated
embargoes on sales to South Africa, as did
oil companies. The banks provided
funding that enabled South Africa to expand its police and security apparatus."
Charges were leveled against Unocal in Myanmar and dozens of other multinationals. Berger & Montague filed, last September, a class action complaint against Royal Dutch Petroleum and Shell Transport. The oil giants are charged with "purchasing ammunition and using ... helicopters and boats and providing logistical support for 'Operation Restore Order in Ogoniland'" which was designed, according to
law firm, to "terrorize
civilian population into ending peaceful protests against Shell's environmentally unsound oil exploration and extraction activities".
The defendants in all these court cases strongly deny any wrongdoing.
But this is merely one facet of
torture business.
Torture implements are produced - mostly in
West - and sold openly, frequently to nasty regimes in developing countries and even through
Internet. Hi-tech devices abound: sophisticated electroconvulsive stun guns, painful restraints, truth serums, chemicals such as pepper gas. Export licensing is universally minimal and non-intrusive and completely ignores
technical specifications of
goods (for instance, whether they could be lethal, or merely inflict pain).
Amnesty International and
UK-based Omega Foundation, found more than 150 manufacturers of stun guns in
USA alone. They face tough competition from Germany (30 companies), Taiwan (19), France (14), South Korea (13), China (12), South Africa (nine), Israel (eight), Mexico (six), Poland (four), Russia (four), Brazil (three), Spain (three) and
Czech Republic (two).
Many torture implements pass through "off-shore" supply networks in Austria, Canada, Indonesia, Kuwait, Lebanon, Lithuania, Macedonia, Albania, Russia, Israel,
Philippines, Romania and Turkey. This helps European Union based companies circumvent legal bans at home. The US government has traditionally turned a blind eye to
international trading of such gadgets.