The European Court of Human Rights agreed yesterday - more than two years after applications have been filed - to hear six cases filed by Chechens against Russia. The claimants accuse Russian military of torture and indiscriminate killings. The Court has ruled in past against Russian Federation and awarded assorted plaintiffs thousands of euros per case in compensation.As awareness of human rights increased, as their definition expanded and as new, often authoritarian polities, resorted to torture and repression - human rights advocates and non-governmental organizations proliferated. It has become a business in its own right: lawyers, consultants, psychologists, therapists, law enforcement agencies, scholars and pundits tirelessly peddle books, seminars, conferences, therapy sessions for victims, court appearances and other services.
Human rights activists target mainly countries and multinationals.
In June 2001, International Labor Rights Fund filed a lawsuit on behalf of 11 villagers against American oil behemoth, ExxonMobile, for "abetting" abuses in Aceh, Indonesia. They alleged that company provided army with equipment for digging mass graves and helped in construction of interrogation and torture centers.
This past November, law firm of Cohen, Milstein, Hausfeld & Toll joined other American and South African law firms in filing a complaint that "seeks to hold businesses responsible for aiding and abetting apartheid regime in South Africa ... forced labor, genocide, extrajudicial killing, torture, sexual assault, and unlawful detention".
Among accused: "IBM and ICL which provided computers that enabled South Africa to ... control black South African population. Car manufacturers provided armored vehicles that were used to patrol townships. Arms manufacturers violated embargoes on sales to South Africa, as did oil companies. The banks provided funding that enabled South Africa to expand its police and security apparatus."
Charges were leveled against Unocal in Myanmar and dozens of other multinationals. Berger & Montague filed, last September, a class action complaint against Royal Dutch Petroleum and Shell Transport. The oil giants are charged with "purchasing ammunition and using ... helicopters and boats and providing logistical support for 'Operation Restore Order in Ogoniland'" which was designed, according to law firm, to "terrorize civilian population into ending peaceful protests against Shell's environmentally unsound oil exploration and extraction activities".
The defendants in all these court cases strongly deny any wrongdoing.
But this is merely one facet of torture business.
Torture implements are produced - mostly in West - and sold openly, frequently to nasty regimes in developing countries and even through Internet. Hi-tech devices abound: sophisticated electroconvulsive stun guns, painful restraints, truth serums, chemicals such as pepper gas. Export licensing is universally minimal and non-intrusive and completely ignores technical specifications of goods (for instance, whether they could be lethal, or merely inflict pain).
Amnesty International and UK-based Omega Foundation, found more than 150 manufacturers of stun guns in USA alone. They face tough competition from Germany (30 companies), Taiwan (19), France (14), South Korea (13), China (12), South Africa (nine), Israel (eight), Mexico (six), Poland (four), Russia (four), Brazil (three), Spain (three) and Czech Republic (two).
Many torture implements pass through "off-shore" supply networks in Austria, Canada, Indonesia, Kuwait, Lebanon, Lithuania, Macedonia, Albania, Russia, Israel, Philippines, Romania and Turkey. This helps European Union based companies circumvent legal bans at home. The US government has traditionally turned a blind eye to international trading of such gadgets.