Strange, penumbral, characters roam
boardrooms of banks in
countries in transition. Some of them pop apparently from nowhere, others are very well connected and equipped with
most excellent introductions. They all peddle financial transactions which are too good to be true and often are. In
unctuously perfumed propinquity of their Mercedesed, Rolex waving entourage -
polydipsic natives dissolve in their irresistible charm and
temptations of
cash: mountainous returns on capital, effulgent profits, no collaterals, track record, or business plan required. Total security is cloyingly assured.These Fausts roughly belong to four tribes:
The Shoppers
These are
shabby operators of
marginal shadows of
world of finance. They broker financial deals with meretricious sweat only to be rewarded their meagre, humiliated fees. Most of their deals do not materialize. The principle is very simple:
They approach a bank, a financial institution, or a borrower and say: "We are connected to banks or financial institutions in
West. We can bring you money in
form of credits. But to do that - you must first express interest in getting this money. You must furnish us with a bank guarantee / promissory note / letter of intent that indicates that you desire
credit and that you are willing to provide a liquid financial instrument to back it up.". Having obtained such instruments,
shoppers begin to "shop around". They approach banks and financial institutions (usually, in
West). This time, they reverse their text: "We have an excellent client, a good borrower. Are you willing to lend to it?" An informal process of tendering ensues. Sometimes it ends in a transaction and
shopper collects a small commission (between one quarter of a percentage point and two percentage points - depending on
amount). Mostly it doesn't -and
Flying Dutchman resumes his wanderings looking for more venal gulosity and less legal probity.
The Con-Men
These are crooks who set up elaborate schemes ("sting operations") to extract money from unsuspecting people and financial institutions. They establish "front" or "phantom" firms and offices throughout
world. They tempt
gullible by offering them enormous, immediate, tax-free, effort-free, profits. They let
victims profit in
first round or two of
scam. Then, they sting:
victims invest money and it evaporates together with
dishonest operators. The "offices" are deserted,
fake identities,
forged bank references,
falsified guarantees are all exposed (often with
help of an inside informant).
Probably
most famous and enduring scam is
"Nigerian-type Connection". Letters - allegedly composed by very influential and highly placed officials - are sent out to unsuspecting businessmen. The latter are asked to make their bank accounts available to
former, who profess to need
third party bank accounts through which to funnel
sweet fruits of corruption. The account owners are promised huge financial rewards if they collaborate and if they bear some minor-by-comparison upfront costs. The con-men pocket these "expenses" and vanish. Sometimes, they even empty
accounts of their entire balance as they evaporate.
The Launderers
A lot of cash goes undeclared to tax authorities in countries in transition. The informal economy (the daughter of both criminal and legitimate parents) comprises between 15% (Slovenia) and 50% (Russia, Macedonia) of
official one. Some say these figures are a deliberate and ferocious understatement. These are mind boggling amounts, which circulate between financial centres and off shore havens in
world: Cyprus,
Cayman Islands, Liechtenstein (Vaduz), Panama and dozens of aspiring laundrettes.
The money thus smuggled is kept in low-yielding cash deposits. To escape
cruel fate of inflationary corrosion, it has to be reinvested. It is stealthily re-introduced to
very economy that it so sought to evade, in
form of investment capital or other financial assets (loans and credits). Its anxious owners are preoccupied with legitimising their stillborn cash through
conduit of tax-fearing enterprises, or with lending it to same. The emphasis is on
word: "legitimate". The money surges in through mysterious and anonymous foreign corporations, via off-shore banking centres, even through respectable financial institutions (the Bank of New York we mentioned?). It is easy to recognize a laundering operation. Its hallmark is a pronounced lack of selectivity. The money is invested in anything and everything, as long as it appears legitimate. Diversification is not sought by these nouveau tycoons and they have no core investment strategy. They spread their illicit funds among dozens of disparate economic activities and show not
slightest interest in
putative yields on their investments,
maturity of their assets,
quality of their newly acquired businesses, their history, or real value. Never
sedulous, they pay exorbitantly for all manner of prestidigital endeavours. The future prospects and other normal investment criteria are beyond them. All they are after is a mirage of lapidarity.