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These devices measure bone density by ultrasound technology. It is inexpensive, portable and there is no radiation exposure. Several studies have shown it to be a good predictor of fracture risk. It is sometimes called Quantitative Ultrasound(QUS).

However, ultrasound is not recommended to monitor osteoporosis long term because of limited precision of machine and fact that bone mass at peripheral sites (e.g. heel) changes very slowly. If an ultrasound test reveals an abnormal result we suggest obtaining a confirmatory DXA scan of hip and spine.

It is also possible to use Quantitative Computed Tomography (QCT) to measure bone density. It is used less often than DXA. It is more expensive, less reproducible and emits a higher radiation dose than DXA.

So let's talk a little about DXA. DXA is short for Dual X-Ray Absorptiometry. It is also known as DEXA, Bone Densitometry or Bone Mineral Density (BMD) test/scan. It is really 'gold standard' of bone density measurement techniques. DXA uses a very low radiation dose. The radiation is equivalent to dose received when flying on an airplane from San Francisco to New York! So as you can see exposure is minimal, but you should NOT undergo a scan if there is any chance of you being pregnant. DXA measures BMD in one hip and in lumbar spine. A few centers will measure both hips. Smaller, more mobile peripheral DXA devices are also used(pDXA). Talk to your physician about which Bone Density Test is available in your area.

So when you have had your scan you will be given a t-score. This is a statistical number that compares your bone density to that of a young adult. The more negative t-score worse your bone density. The lower t-score higher your risk of fracture. Take a look at this scale to see where your t-score lies.

The World Health Organisation classifies your t-score as follows:

T-SCORE better than -1.0 is NORMAL

T-SCORE from -1.0 to -2.5 is OSTEOPENIA

T-SCORE -2.5 or worse is OSTEOPOROSIS