Don't Be Duped! Helpful Hints and Advice for CD Duplication.

Written by Larry Denton


Whoa! Your boss tells you he needs a hundred copies of his presentation on CD--by tomorrow morning. Since he wants to impressrepparttar clients he also wants professional-looking labels onrepparttar 105908 CDs as well. A simple marker won't cut it this time. Maybe it's time for a desktop duplicator or to hire a duplicating service. Since most household computers are now equipped with a drive that hasrepparttar 105909 capacity to burn discs, it is no surprise that disc duplication has become big business. But sorting throughrepparttar 105910 tons of information about formats and CD duplication systems can be a nightmare.

CD duplication is no longer a difficult, tedious or expensive process requiring exacting technological expertise. Since most desktop computers now come equipped with a standard drive withrepparttar 105911 capacity to burn discs, it is no longer a rarity to find people making "mix discs" of their favorite songs usingrepparttar 105912 CD-R media. And it is likely, at some point, that you are going to want to make multiple copies of one of your projects--be it a work presentation, a business card, or a demo of some sort.

The term "CD Duplication," taken literally, means to copy CD-ROM's. Actually there are two different methods to make those copies: Duplication and Replication. Duplication isrepparttar 105913 process of "burning" data onto a pre-manufactured CD-ROM. This process requiresrepparttar 105914 use of CD-Recorder to add data to a blank disc. Recorders are included in many personal computers, but they may also be added to a PC as an external disc drive. These devices requirerepparttar 105915 user to burn one disc at a time, a process that takes between 1 and 74 minutes depending onrepparttar 105916 speed ofrepparttar 105917 recorder.

A more automated form of duplication can be accomplished by buying a stand-alone CD Duplicator (no computer hookup required). This device can make many copies ofrepparttar 105918 CD-ROM master simultaneously and can produce 65 or more CD-ROM discs an hour. If you have a relatively small project, fewer than 1,000 copies, this may berepparttar 105919 device for you. Starting at less than $1,600 these disc makers are perfect more independent musicians and even churches who often duplicate sermons and music to make them more available to parishioners.

Replication, onrepparttar 105920 other hand, isrepparttar 105921 process of "stamping" data onto an injection molded CD-ROM. This process requiresrepparttar 105922 creation of a "glass master" fromrepparttar 105923 customer-supplied disc. Using a high-speed stamping processrepparttar 105924 data is actually built intorepparttar 105925 construction of each copy, not added later. Due to expensive equipment requirements, this is certainly notrepparttar 105926 method used byrepparttar 105927 average computer owner.

Aerial Infrared Roof Moisture Surveys

Written by Gregory R. Stockton


Aerial Infrared Roof Moisture Surveys

INTRODUCTION

IR P/PM (infrared predictive/preventive maintenance) is not limited to annual infrared surveys of electrical switchgear. For instance, infrared thermography can be a very effective tool for roof asset management. IR roof moisture surveys are performed on roofs to quantifyrepparttar extent of roof moisture (water) that is insiderepparttar 105907 roof system. Infrared thermography is not leak management. No matter howrepparttar 105908 water got intorepparttar 105909 substrate,repparttar 105910 purpose of this type of survey is simply to find and document whererepparttar 105911 water is located. Extendingrepparttar 105912 life of a roof will saverepparttar 105913 ownerrepparttar 105914 expense and aggravation of re-roofing or re-covering. Re-roofing means thatrepparttar 105915 roof is taken down torepparttar 105916 decking and replaced completely. Re-covering means thatrepparttar 105917 waterproofing layer(s) are removed,repparttar 105918 wet insulation is removed and replaced and a new waterproofing layer is put down. The cost of an infrared roof moisture survey is three to five CENTS per square foot. It cost between three and five DOLLARS per square foot to repair/replace roofs, so knowingrepparttar 105919 exact location ofrepparttar 105920 subsurface water is extremely useful information, since only those areas that are damaged need to be repaired. This information is used to plan budgets and when needed, as a bid document for contracting repairs and/or replacement ofrepparttar 105921 roof.

Keywords: Infrared, Thermography, Roof, Roof Asset Management, Infrared Roof Moisture Survey.

ROOF MAINTENANCE IN GENERAL

The ravages of sun, wind, rain, snow, chemicals, leakage, rapid changes in temperature and time - will eventually cause every roof to fail. Some roofs last 40-50 years…when they are well maintained. Owners may believe that a roof warranty will somehow protect them from having to do maintenance. Not so, as roof warranties are written by roofing manufacturers forrepparttar 105922 purpose of protecting themselves from liability. For example, often a warranty is written so that if improperly installed or defective roofing materials are used on a roof and water leaks intorepparttar 105923 electrical switchgear room causing an explosion,repparttar 105924 roofing manufacturer will replacerepparttar 105925 materials,repparttar 105926 roofer will reinstallrepparttar 105927 materials, butrepparttar 105928 building owner has to pay forrepparttar 105929 replacement ofrepparttar 105930 switchgear and any downtime that resulted fromrepparttar 105931 failure. Also,repparttar 105932 roofer’s and roofing manufacturer’s liability, inrepparttar 105933 case of roof failures are also reduced by vaguely written roof warranties, which do not define words like "regular" or "routine" maintenance. Not acceptingrepparttar 105934 roof warranty is notrepparttar 105935 answer, sincerepparttar 105936 roof will not be installed unlessrepparttar 105937 owner agrees torepparttar 105938 warranty. To eliminate these problems,repparttar 105939 building owner should have an agreement with a qualified roofer or roof consultant to inspect and maintainrepparttar 105940 roof (in accordance withrepparttar 105941 terms ofrepparttar 105942 warranty) at least once a year.

Waterproofing problems manifest themselves in two ways: Leakage and entrained moisture contamination. Leakage is pretty simple, althoughrepparttar 105943 leak insiderepparttar 105944 building rarely directly relates torepparttar 105945 exact spot onrepparttar 105946 roof, sincerepparttar 105947 water flows downrepparttar 105948 slope ofrepparttar 105949 roof to a spot that is not sealed and intorepparttar 105950 building at that point. Most leaks occur whererepparttar 105951 waterproofing is sealed or where there is a penetration ofrepparttar 105952 roof. Since most types of roof systems absorb some amount of water, it is harder to findrepparttar 105953 exact spot of water contamination inrepparttar 105954 insulation because it may not leak intorepparttar 105955 building until it has absorbed allrepparttar 105956 water it can hold. There are three types of surveys that are used to find water in a roof. Nuclear gauges-which count neutrons, capacitance meters-which measure resistance, and infrared-which measures heat. Both nuclear gauges and capacitance meters are used to take spot readings on a 10' X 10' or 20' X 20' grid onrepparttar 105957 roof. These measurements are used to extrapolate whererepparttar 105958 water is fromrepparttar 105959 readings obtained fromrepparttar 105960 gauge. They are good for types of roofs that do not gain or lose much solar energy and therefore, do not lend themselves to infrared.

BASICS OF INFRARED ROOF MOISTURE SURVEYS

Duringrepparttar 105961 day,repparttar 105962 sun radiates energy ontorepparttar 105963 roof and intorepparttar 105964 roof substrate, and then at night,repparttar 105965 roof radiatesrepparttar 105966 heat back into outer space (See Figure 1). This is called radiational cooling. Areas ofrepparttar 105967 roof that are of a higher mass (wet) retain this heat longer than that ofrepparttar 105968 lower mass (dry) areas. Infrared imagers can detect this heat and "see"repparttar 105969 warmer, higher mass areas, duringrepparttar 105970 "window" of uneven heat dissipation.

Figure 1) Areas ofrepparttar 105971 roof that are wet retain heat longer than dry areas.

Some roofs and insulation types or combinations do not absorb any water. These roofs leak straight intorepparttar 105972 building. Even roofs, which have insulation types that do absorb water, some do not exhibit a good infrared signal, primarily for two reasons. 1) The surface is too reflective, and/or 2)repparttar 105973 roof’s ballast is so thick (or dense), that daylight radiation is not absorbed intorepparttar 105974 substrate (insulation), therefore it cannot be emitted back intorepparttar 105975 atmosphere at night. Even with a strong infrared signal, factors onrepparttar 105976 roof can affectrepparttar 105977 analysis and interpretation ofrepparttar 105978 data. Some of these factors: water between multiple layers, old patches, heavy flood coats, reflective coatings, heat-producing equipment underrepparttar 105979 roof –or heat blowing down ontorepparttar 105980 roof, stains, ponding water onrepparttar 105981 roof, heavy build-up of ballast at parapet walls and along edges, etc. These roofs should be inspected by other methods as described above.

WALK-ON INFRARED ROOF SURVEYING

To perform a walk-on or on-roof survey properly, a crew of three to four people is needed: an experienced infrared thermographer and helper, an experienced roof consultant or roofer andrepparttar 105982 building owners' representative for access and security. The crew walks aroundrepparttar 105983 roof(s) and when an area of suspect moisture is found,repparttar 105984 roof consultant verifies it is wet and thenrepparttar 105985 helper marksrepparttar 105986 edges ofrepparttar 105987 area directly onrepparttar 105988 roof with marking paint as instructed byrepparttar 105989 thermographer. The crew needs authorization and access to all areas and levels ofrepparttar 105990 roof(s) from either ladders or roof hatches and plenty of time to collect data. The infrared images are stored on videotape or digital media and printed (See Figure 2).

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