Creativity and Innovation Management- Turning Ideas into ActionWritten by Kal Bishop
The phrase “turning ideas into action” is a Russian doll. Managing ideas to implementation process is important for at least two reasons: a)To make effective use of resources – investing in one idea uses resources that could be applied to another idea. Yet all ideas do not have same likelihood of success. b)To prevent re-engineering. There is often not enough time to properly develop and commercialise a product but there always seems to be time to go back and fix it. It has been estimated that cost of re-engineering ranges from low to high billions every year. Effective idea to implementation involves a number of disciplines: a)Effective idea selection – first stage of innovation. Innovation can be defined as idea selection, development and commercialisation (as opposed to creativity, which can be defined as problem identification and idea generation). b)Effective idea development – which involves a second tier of competencies. Where effective idea selection may be management, sales and end-user focused, idea development also requires technicians, designers and like.
| | Printing Press DevelopmentWritten by Marlon D. Ludovice
There are a lot of new technologies used in printing press industry. Make it from simple to very complicated machines that for sure will lead to transformation of printing services. And even more, latest technologies are still innovating for faster and accurate printing results. The original method of printing was block printing, pressing sheets of paper into individually carved wooden blocks usually called(xylography). It is believed that block printing originated in China and earliest known printed text, Diamond Sutra (a Buddhist scripture), was printed in China in 868 A.D. The technique was also known in Europe, where it was mostly used to print Bibles. Because of difficulties inherent in carving massive quantities of minute text for every block, and given levels of peasant illiteracy at time, texts such as "Pauper's Bibles" emphasized illustrations and used words sparsely. As a new block had to be carved for each page, printing different books was an incredibly time consuming activity. After block printing another technique was been introduced, moveable clay and metal type are processes much more than hand copying. The use of movable type in printing was invented in 1041 AD by Bi Sheng in China. Sheng used clay type, which broke easily, but eventually Goryeo (Korea) sponsored production of metal type (a type foundry was established by Korean government in early 15th century). Since there are thousands of Chinese characters (Koreans also used Chinese characters in literature), benefit of technique is not as apparent as with alphabetic based languages. Movable type did spur, however, additional scholarly pursuits in Song China and facilitated more creative modes of printing. Nevertheless, movable type was never extensively used in China until European style printing press was introduced in relatively recent times (thus bringing technology full circle).
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