IntroductionNetwork security is one of
major concerns for any business or organization transporting sensitive and confidential information over
network. Such network security concerns involve
lowest network layer, typically referred to as
physical layer (layer one), as well as higher software layers of
networking protocols. Most of
interception activity by outside intruders occurs within higher protocol software layers. Password protection or data encryption are examples of counter measures to protect
network from outside and unwanted tampering. Intrusion of
physical layer itself can be another concern for network operators, although it is a far less likely target for unauthorized access to networking data. This can be a threat if information is transported over a copperbased infrastructure that can be easily intercepted, but optical wireless transmissions are among
most secure connectivity solutions, regarding network interception of
actual physical layer. LightPointe’s optical wireless networking equipment is based on physical layer transport. This white paper discusses security aspects involving
physical layer.
Optical Wireless Systems and Network Security
With its cost-effective and high-bandwidth qualities, optical wireless products operating in
near infrared wavelength range are an alternative transport technology to interconnect highcapacity networking segments. These optical wireless products, based on free-space optics (FSO) technology, are license-free worldwide. Optical wireless system installations are very simple, and
equipment requires very little maintenance. These features make optical wireless solutions appealing to end-users and service providers globally. As a result,
number of optical wireless system installations to for enterprise, cellular, and metropolitan area network traffic demands has increased significantly—even during
recent telecommunications sector slowdown.
Because optical wireless systems send and receive data through
air between remote networking locations, network operators and administrators are naturally concerned about
security aspects. One of
main reasons for this concern is based on
fact that wireless networking solutions is a category in which security and interference problems are very common in radio frequency (RF) or microwave-based communication systems. Such concerns are not valid for optical wireless systems.
Optical wireless systems operate in
near infrared wavelength range slightly above
visible spectrum. Therefore,
human eye cannot visibly see
transmission beam. The wavelength range around 1 micrometer that is used in optical wireless transmission systems is actually
same wavelength range used in fiber-optic transmission systems. The wavelength range around 1 micrometer translates into frequencies of several hundred terahertz (THz). These frequencies are significantly (roughly three to four orders of magnitude) higher than
highest frequencies used in commercially available microwave communications systems operating around 40 GHz. This difference in frequency of operation is one of
main reasons why optical wireless systems belong into
equipment category of optical communication systems first rather than wireless, RF or microwave, transmission solutions. While typical RF and microwave antennas used to interconnect two remote networking locations in a point-to-point architecture spread out
radiation over angles between 5 and 25 degrees, optical wireless systems use very narrow beams that are typically much less than 0.5 degrees. For example, a radial beam pattern of 10 degrees roughly corresponds to a beam diameter of 175 meters at a distance of 1 kilometer from
originating source, whereas a beam of 0.3 degrees divergence angle typically used in optical wireless systems corresponds to a beam diameter of 5 meters at
same distance.1 This wide spreading of
beam in microwave systems, combined with
fact that microwave antennas launch very high power level is
primary reason for security concerns. An outside intruder can easily intercept
beam or power reflected from
target location and pick up sensitive network information by using a “spectral scanner” tuned to
specific RF or microwave transmission frequency. To overcome these security concerns,
microwave industry uses wireless encryption protocols (WEP) to protect
transmission path from being intercepted. Although it is extremely unlikely that it is possible to break into a sophisticated encryption code, there is always
concern that it can be done.