In April 2003, I was interviewed by Anupam Sharma, a journalist with magazine from India, Fourth Dimension, which reaches 171,000 readers monthly both there and abroad. I thought you’d like to read it, because I answered a lot of commonly asked questions about acupuncture that I haven’t written about on Pulse of Oriental Medicine (PulseMed.org), and because you probably won’t be able to get that magazine.

Anupam Sharma (AS): Dr. Brian Carter, Thank you for prompt reply and agreeing to do this interview. Tell me, doctor, how does Acupuncture work? Please explain science behind this traditional method of healing

Brian B. Carter (BBC): Acupuncture is based on Chinese medicine. Chinese medicine (CM) has its own system of diagnosis and treatment, and acupuncture is only one therapy within that medicine. Those who have developed CM since before 2500 B.C. (when our first literary work, Yellow Emperor's Classic of Medicine, was written) used both symptoms and signs to diagnose disease before treating it. They developed a unique form of diagnosis called 'pattern differentiation.' Patterns are sets of specific symptoms and signs. For us, finding signs includes feeling pulse and looking at tongue.

For acupuncture specifically, there is also diagnosis according to channels. It's actually a very complicated system of theories... not as simple as it first seems. That complexity allows for a sophisticated flexibility in diagnosis and treatment that can adapt to most clinical situations. According to modern science, acupuncture works via immune and nervous systems. It has local peripheral nervous system and central nervous system effects. Professor and physicist Zang-hee Cho has begun to use PET scans to map brain loci affected by specific acupuncture points. Acupuncture affects neurons, electrolytes, neuro-transmitters, and neuropeptides. But even once all that data is in, traditional system of channels and pattern differentiation will still be clearest map of how acupuncture works. The biomedical view of physical phenomena is not always well-integrated.

My best analogy is that your brain is a computer, and acupuncture points are keyboard; you do right points, and that tells brain how to change configuration of mind and body.

AS: In which diseases is acupuncture most effective?

BBC: Most people are familiar with acupuncture's effectiveness for pain. Most importantly for pain, it can prevent chronic pain syndromes where nervous system still produces pain signals even in absence of original problem. In 1997, NIH came up with a list of diseases for which scientific literature supported efficacy, which included nausea and vomiting, pain, tennis elbow, menstrual cramps, and fibromyalgia.

That list was much shorter than what acupuncture has traditionally treated, of course. Since 1997, even more studies have shown effectiveness for early post-stroke, acute spinal cord injury, as an adjunct in alcoholism, labor pain, migraine, post-surgical nausea and vomiting, and as part of a smoking cessation program. These are highest quality studies: randomized placebo-controlled trials (RCT's) with more than 33 subjects per group. There are plenty more studies that don't meet that high standard, but still may offer valuable insights for clinical practice.

There is currently a study of acupuncture for high blood pressure going on at Harvard, and early reports are that it's very effective. I personally got a diabetic man disqualified from his free blood pressure medication study with a modern Chinese point prescription. Our weekly acupuncture treatments brought his blood pressure down below study's minimum requirement. Acupuncture also is great for a number of psychological conditions. There are 17 other RCT's currently ongoing, all funded by National Institutes of Health.

AS: Do you think that modern western medicine has failed in curing certain kind of diseases like backaches, mental tension, or headaches?

BBC: It always depends on cause. For backaches, we need an x-ray to see if spine is involved. For a backache or headache due to a tumor, I would certainly want MRI's and CT scans, and surgery. Of course, for cancer, we can do drug or Chinese herb chemotherapy. Or you can do drug chemo with supportive herbs to boost immune system. For headaches, acetaminophen, aspirin, and NSAID's are very useful, though acetaminophen is leading cause of liver failure in hospitals, and NSAID's can cause stomach ulcers. The new triptan drugs for migraines are very helpful for acute migraine, but may not be as good as acupuncture and herbs for preventing recurrence. For any stubborn problems, or those for which western medicine cannot find cause, acupuncture and herbs are superior.

As far as mental tension or stress goes, acupuncture and herbs work wonders. Western medicine uses sedatives and antidepressants. Most people don't want to be sedated, some antidepressants have debilitating side effects like impotence, and others are difficult to come off of safely... some even will create a dependency of sorts such that you get a rebound depression after you've been off of them for a number of months.

AS: Alternative healing methods like yoga and meditation and acupuncture becoming more popular among people in west? If yes, why?

A lot of people like yoga because it's physical. Meditation is hard for fast-paced noisy-headed Americans. Most people say they just can't stop thinking. They don't realize that they're always thinking like that. We're over-stimulated here.

Acupuncture is nice because it helps you stop thinking, reduces anxiety, produces calmness. You can meditate while needles are in. Acupuncture is more popular here than Chinese herbs are because more MD's accept it. There's enough scientific evidence, and a number of MD's are practicing acupuncture full-time. Americans still don't understand herbal formulas, or system of medicine that underpins Chinese herbs. They're used to going to a health food store and buying latest single herb for a single symptom. And there aren't enough Chinese style herbalists in U.S. to expose everyone to it yet.

AS: How long have you practiced acupuncture?

Most people don't realize that western biomedical understanding didn't include immune system until very recently. The first vaccine was developed in late 1800's, and most of immune system was not understood until 1960's. Oriental Medicine has been diagnosing and treating immune system diseases with herbs since as early as 150 A.D. when first systematic book on externally contracted illnesses, "Cold Damage Classic" was written.

Superbacteria

Medical professionals are now concerned about antibiotic-resistant 'superbacteria.' These superbacteria have evolved because of inappropriate medical prescriptions. Antibiotics are effective only against bacteria, not against viruses. MD's and DO's often prescribed antibiotics to pacify patients who refused to leave doctor's office without them - even when doctor knew antibiotic would not help. The problem is that we are running out of antibiotic drugs; there is a finite number of them. It is thought that, in future, more complex treatment agents such as natural herbs may be our only defense.

Chinese herbs have successfully treated and caused remission of viral hepatitis and AIDS. In clinical research studies on human beings, at least 15 herbs have been shown to stimulate immune system and destroy viruses and bacteria (see next table). Chinese herbs appear to have an effect against bacteria and viruses directly, and they stimulate and strengthen immune system (wei qi) in doing its job of ridding body of pathogens.

15 Anti-Viral Chinese Herbs Proven Effective in Human Studies