During
Cretaceous period (65-140 million years ago) deserts were an inland sea teeming with life. The sea gradually receded laying
foundation of silica that would form
opal of today. During
mid-tertiary period, changes in
earth’s climate caused quantities of soluble silica to be released from
sediment, finding its way down through cracks and faults, eventually hardening over time. This hardening continued to form common and precious opal.The vivid array of colour in
opal is from
uniform alignment of
silica particles. The size of
particles determines
colour as light refracts through it.
Unlike many other gemstones, opal doesn’t occur in lengthy veins or concentrations. Instead, small clusters may be spread over a vast area and divided into precious or gem quality and common. Opal is found in many varieties, but precious opal represents only a small percentage of
total mined.
Black Opal:
Black opal is
rarest and most valuable of all opals and is generally found as a bar of various colours in a dark body. In addition, there is also Semi black and black Crystal.
Black opals from Lightning Ridge, Mintabie and Andamooka in Australia account for 99.9% of all opals in
world.
Boulder Opal:
Boulder opal, found in
fields of Queensland, is classified as a solid opal and occurs as thin veins of precious opal in cracks and cavities of ironstone. During processing,
stone is cut leaving
natural host rock as backing. The opal occurs as either a solid piece of colour on top of
ironstone or showing as flashing flecks of colour throughout
stone.
Light Opal (White or Milky):
Light opal can be found in Coober Pedy, Andamooka and Mintabie in South Australia. A full range of colours can be found, with
background colour either white or light blue.
Crystal Opal:
As
name suggests, crystal opal has a brilliant, crystal appearance, with a translucent or transparent background. When viewed on a dark surface
colours spring to life.
Picture Opals:
Picture opals are so called because their pattern forms an image of an object or person. A good imagination is sometimes required to visualise
object/person.
Fire Opal:
The term “Fire opal” is commonly used to describe
clear orange crystal opal that comes from Mexico, some of which have a play of colour, although many have just an orange or reddish base with no play of colour.
Opalised Fossils:
Buried in
layers where opal mining occurs are
remains of a world over a hundred million years old, brought to
surface by miners searching for gemstones. These fossils include
remains of dinosaurs, shells, mammals, plants and fish. Some of these fossils have been opalised, a process in which silica-laden waters have gradually replaced
organic material.
Common Opal:
Common opal is classified as non-gem quality opal, mostly opaque and showing no play of colour.
Matrix Opal: