3G Technology

Written by Mike Ber


A ‘third generation’ wireless communications technology having evolved from first generation analog, and second generation digital, communication technologies.

Whenever someone asks me to explain what 3G systems are, I tend to think of huge departmental stores. All your basic needs – plus a few extra items thrown in to spice things up – under a single roof. A plea to modern man’s psychological need for convenience. And that’s how it is withrepparttar current crop of 3G packages. A simple, all-in-one access to everything users could ever want from a mobile phone (and then some).

But seriously now, what is 3G (or 2.5G for that matter)? Basically 3G systems are meant to berepparttar 143264 ultimate upgrade torepparttar 143265 current 2G systems that are operating underrepparttar 143266 Global System of Mobile Communications (GSM). GSM is referred to asrepparttar 143267 Second Generation (2G) of mobile phone technology, withrepparttar 143268 old analog mobile phone system beingrepparttar 143269 first. Since current 2G phones send and receive data at only 9.6 Kilobits per second (kbps),repparttar 143270 advent of text and multimedia messaging (MMS) has meant thatrepparttar 143271 demand for drastically improved data transfer rates has been very strong.

3G systems are designed to offer increased voice capacity and higher-speed data rates by providing a more robust wireless pipeline. The International Telecommunications Union (ITU), a regulatory and standards-setting body, states that any system claiming to be 3G must be capable of a minimum speed of 144K bits/second, and theoretically going up to 2 Mbps. Very good, you might say. But why is there such a need for speed?

Well, 3G systems aim to provide faster access to all kinds of data, thus turning your wireless phone (or appliance) into a handier, cooler, tool. This speed is matched withrepparttar 143272 promise that it will "keep people connected at all times and in all places." What results isrepparttar 143273 capability to accessrepparttar 143274 Internet as you would at home, mobile instant messaging, enhanced multimedia options, usability as a fax/pager/e-mail tool, as well asrepparttar 143275 obvious premise of crisper and more stable voice communications. Very impressive, but not without a lion’s share of problems.

For starters, 3G services are bound to be ‘expensive’, especially due torepparttar 143276 very high prices paid for 3G spectrum licenses. Secondly,repparttar 143277 services offered by 3G are nice, but are beyondrepparttar 143278 current demands ofrepparttar 143279 average user. So now we have a situation whererepparttar 143280 consumer is not satisfied withrepparttar 143281 current level of service, yet is also balking at paying so much for something that resembles overkill.

To fillrepparttar 143282 void, 2.5G has evolved. 2.5G radio transmission technology is radically different from 2G technology because it uses packet switching. GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) isrepparttar 143283 European 2.5G standard,repparttar 143284 upgrade from GSM. GPRS overlays a packet-switched architecture ontorepparttar 143285 GSM circuit-switched architecture. It is a useful evolutionary step onrepparttar 143286 road to 3G because it gives telecommunications operators experience of operating packet networks, and charging for packet data. Data transfer rates in 2.5G services can theoretically reach 64Kbps.

It is important to noterepparttar 143287 resulting irony. Because 3G services were too expensive and becauserepparttar 143288 market was not ‘ready’ for them, 2.5G evolved. Now, as it is said later,repparttar 143289 evolution of 2.5G has become an obstacle for 3G services to penetraterepparttar 143290 cell phone market.

However, 3G cannot be judged merely onrepparttar 143291 basis of costs and services alone. The value of any consumer technology can only be truly measured in terms of its worth torepparttar 143292 average user. And when it comes to mobile communications,repparttar 143293 needs ofrepparttar 143294 ‘average’ customer are already being fulfilled through 2G and 2.5G. Most people do not need to use video conferencing or browse complete websites through their cell phones. Most of us are satisfied with constant coverage,repparttar 143295 provision to check our email and maybe send a voice message or so. With all of this available in quite affordable packages, experts are beginning to wonder whether there actually isrepparttar 143296 massive demand to matchrepparttar 143297 hype that was created when 3G first came intorepparttar 143298 picture.

How to keep your postal mail private and secure

Written by Max Penn


Surreptious opening of most envelopes sent throughrepparttar mail takes little effort and only minimal skill. Instructions are readily available on repparttar 143181 Internet and in books suc as "CIA Flaps and Seals Manual" (Paladin Press).

While your mail is inrepparttar 143182 hands ofrepparttar 143183 postal service it is relatively secure from outside snooping but readily available to postal employees andrepparttar 143184 alphabet soup of government agencies that may, for whatever reason, take an interest in your private correspondence. If your mail is delivered to your home, perhaps to a box atrepparttar 143185 end of your driveway, someone can easily remove your mail before you do, unless you are waiting whenrepparttar 143186 postment delivers it.

LET ME ASK YOU THIS... If a private investigation or neighborhood snoop removed private letters from your mailbox, carefully opened them, recordedrepparttar 143187 contents, and then resealed them and returned them to your mailbox, would you know it? If you received a letter inrepparttar 143188 mail on Wednesdays instead of tuesday, would you be aware that it had been missing that day?

HOW GOVERNMENT KEEP THEIR MAIL PRIVATE When government agencies send sensitive material, they double-wrap it to prevent it's surreptitious opening. The government procedure is to placerepparttar 143189 sensitive material in an envelope, seal all seams and edges with tape, and record appropriate addresses and security markings onrepparttar 143190 envelope.

This envelope is then placed into a second envelope, which then has all edges and seams sealed with tape. The outer envelope is addressed, but there are no security markings recorded on it. This is effective, butrepparttar 143191 outer envelope with all edges and seams sealed with tape stands out from ordinary mail.

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