( See David Darling : The Universal Book of Mathematics, 2004 )

The NSTP Theoretical Resolution of First Two Paradoxes

Zeno's paradoxes, except last two, are not a matter of language or symbolic theories (e.g. set theory) or equations. They are deep rooted in profound concepts, whose appropriate analysis and synthesis shall resolve paradoxes.

The first two of Zeno's paradoxes are out of misbelief that space exists in ontological sense, i.e. as a reality, out there. In fact, space is a virtual reality, a form/kind of illusion. Consequently (spatial) motion is also a form of illusion ( to non - spatial observer/s ). Thus reality is not constrained by spatial infinities as whatever that is seen as happening in space is a mere illusion, with no resemblance to reality. And illusion could be of any logically possible kind. In other words, thoughts modulating / creating / responsible for spatial illusion do not have to bother whether mover has to first reach half of distance and so on, or faster has to first reach point where slower started or has infinitely many gaps to traverse, etc. The only thing is that they, thoughts, produce some dynamic spatial pattern ( actually / physically represented in form of appropriate non - spatial states of consciousness ), as if a mover moving or faster overtaking slower. That's it.

[ In analogy with today's desktop computers a software programmer / graphic designer do not at all have to worry with Zeno's first two arguments / paradoxes. All s/he has to do is to write a program in order to create / generate an appropriate dynamic / changing pattern on computer monitor screen. The same is true with whole universe, whose non - spatial mechanism is stated in NSTP ( Non - Spatial Thinking Process ) theory. ]

Resolution of Third Paradox

The first proposition / assumption in third paradox is false.

Resolution of Fourth Paradox

In fourth argument / paradox there is no consideration of speeds ( or concept of speed ). As A and C are travelling in opposite directions their speeds add up. And as time taken = distance covered / speed, double speed makes mover cover distance in half time.

And even if this solution has any flaw/s then ultimately there is NSTP theory, with its idea of spatial illusion, to resolve paradox.

Thus, in computer terminology, in NSTP model of reality hardware of universe is composed of non - spatial feelings, while its central software is made of superhuman thoughts, and peripheral software is made of non - superhuman ones.

Now take for instance EPR paradox or some equivalent mysterious experimental quantum phenomenon ( e.g. In 1997 experiments were conducted in which light particles ( photons ) originated under certain conditions and travelled in opposite directions to detectors located about seven miles apart. The amazing results indicated that photons interacted or communicated with one another instantly or in no time. See Robert Nadeau, and Menas Kafatos, 1999. The non - local universe. 1st ed. Oxford : OUP. Back page. ). According to NSTP theory this is no longer a mystery as behaviour of photons is just a form of illusion, a virtual reality ( to non - spatial mind/s ) which is actually modulated ( or orderly executed ) by hidden / core non - spatial superhuman mental events. ( Again in analogy with spatial desktop computers such a photonic behaviour on computer monitor screen has no slightest mystery surrounding it, as it is just a changing pattern of pixels which is modulated by some hidden software processes. )

The NSTP theory maintains both idealism ( as reality is exclusively mental ) and realism ( as material entities we see out there do have a real existence in core central non - spatial mind/s, which would exist independent of any other mind perceiving them ), and both mentalism ( as reality is exclusively mental ) and materialism ( as mind is real, it is physical / material ).

'Philosophy is written in this grand book - I mean universe - which stands continually open to our gaze, but it cannot be understood unless one first learns to comprehend language and interpret characters in which it is written. It is written in language of mathematics, and its characters are triangles, circles, and other geometric figures, without which it is humanly impossible to understand a single word of it.' - Galileo Galilei

In reality universe has no geometry. - Kedar Joshi The Superultramodern Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica : The Foundations of Superultramodern Physics, Mathematical Science, and Philosophy.

Most of mysteries of universe are out of human belief that any mechanism has to be spatial. In reality mechanism of universe is non - spatial, whose appropriate understanding shall resolve those mysteries. - Kedar Joshi (K.J.)

All science is either mathematics ( characterised by utmost certainty, in case of pure mathematics, and precision ) or philosophy ( lacking what maths essentially has ). - K.J. ( Inventor of Conmathematics : Conceptual Mathematics)

To be is to be intelligent. To be is to be a machine. To be is to be non - spatial. To be real is to be physical / material. All machines understand. However, only non - spatial machines understand concepts. - K.J.

Superultramodern science begins where ultramodern science stops (the prefix 'super' means above/beyond). In physics, its basic principle is that reality is non - spatial. At its heart is NSTP theory which unifies many apparently diverse phenomena and solves most of most challenging problems in modern science. - K.J.

Dr Kedar Joshi, BSc, MA, DSc, DA, Cambridge, UK.