There are many types of roofing materials that can be used on your cabin. To some extent, choice of materials will depend upon whether roof is pitched or flat. The table on page 120 indicates whether you should use a roll or shingle type of roofing material.

Asphalt shingles require a roof pitch of at least 4 inches to each lineal horizontal foot. When pitch is this low, most manufacturers of roofing materials recommend that roofing felt or asphalt-saturated building paper be laid under shingle roof. If your roof has any valleys, I'd suggest that you start your work by laying heavy roofing felt down center of valley.

One layer of felt, 18 inches wide, should be laid face down. Then a second layer, full width, should be laid face up. After this is nailed down, you can start laying under roofing felt or paper. Manufacturers' recommendations vary, but you'll be pretty safe if edges overlap about 2 inches horizontally.

Start with lowest part of your roof. Let edges of paper overlap end of roof by 2 or 3 inches. This overlap should be cut later, a little under first shingle course. The next layer of paper will overlap lower one by 2 inches. Continue this process to peak of roof.

When both sides of roof are finished, lay one width of paper over ridge pole. Short wide-head roofing nails should be used with this paper. When paper has been put down, use a carpenter's chalk line, which is impregnated with chalk, and snap guidelines for shingles. If your shingle exposure is 4 inches, you will want to snap chalk lines with this spacing all way from first course to last at top.

You are now ready to start laying shingles. The first course of shingles should be laid double and should extend % inch beyond roof edge. The guidelines on paper will align overlap which each course will have. The last rows at top will have to be cut; and a strip of granulated roofing paper, a metal cap, or a ridge piece, or shingles laid edgewise will be required to finish top as shown in illustration.

Wood shingles are laid much as asphalt shingles are except that they are not butted on sides. Leave a %-inch space between shingles. The ridge piece can be made of wood strips as shown in illustration.

Roll roofing is one of easiest types to apply. The accompanying illustration shows how this is done. You'll note that there is an overlap that is cemented down and nailed. This overlap varies with type of roofing felt used.

One type has half of width granulated, remainder heavy felt. The granulated section is left exposed, and felt part is cemented and nailed. This type can also be used on roofs having only enough pitch to drain water, provided that roofing boards are first covered with roofing mastic.

Flat or pitched roofs can be covered with a number of materials, but one of least expensive methods is to build up roof with a number of layers of roofing felt saturated with asphalt binder. The illustration shows how this is done. A cold roofing compound or hot pitch may be used as a binder.

Regardless of above directions, be sure to follow manufacturer's directions for applying his particular roofing material.

When drive cap is added, you can drive pointed end of pipe into ground with a maul. A maul is a heavy hammer. Large mauls used to drive pipe usually are made with a hardwood head. A pipe or Stillson wrench is a large tool with adjustable head that can be used to hold pipe.

A yarning tool is a rod with a flattened end used to push lead or other soft materials into a joint of pipe. A threader is used to make ends on pipe so that couplers may be screwed on. These have dies which come in various sizes from ¼ to 2 inches or more in diameter. Tubing cutters have a small wheel that cuts soft pipe. Each time you revolve clamplike tool around pipe, handle is given another twist downward. This action eventually cuts pipe.

A plumbers' furnace is a type of gasoline stove with a melting pot for lead at top. Ladles are spoonlike dippers used to remove lead from plumbers' furnace to joint that is being packed. Blow torches usually use gasoline for fuel. Be sure to keep flame of this tool away from any combustible material.

A holder consists of two boards connected together with bolts. It is used to hold lengths of pipe when lowering pipe into a well. A reamer is used to clean out inside end of a pipe that has been cut. It is tapered and has a series of flutes.

Flaring tools are used to force end of copper pipe outward. They consist of a holder with various sizes of holes for pipe. A metal rod is inserted in end of tubing that is held by holder, and hit lightly with a hammer to force edges outward.

Hack saws are thin-bladed saws used to cut pipe. In using hack saw, hold it at a 90-degree angle to pipe. Do not saw too fast. Use reamer after making cut. The earth auger is a shovel-type tool used to make a circular hole in earth.