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Low intakes of fruit and vegetables have been consistently linked to high cancer rates in many countries around
world. Yet, less than 10 per cent of North Americans eat
recommended 5-10 daily servings. The fruit and vegetables that appear most protective against cancer are raw, dark green leafy vegetables (such as spinach, kale and lettuce), cruciferous or cabbage-family types (such as brussel sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli), and orange forms such as carrots, squash, citrus and other fruits. Different plant foods may protect against different cancers, for example:
* dark green vegetables may protect against lung cancer;
* cruciferous (cabbage family) vegetables and carrots appear protective against colon cancer;
* citrus and other fruits rich in vitamin C may lower risks of mouth, larynx, stomach and esophageal tumours.
The constituents in plant foods thought to ward off cancer include antioxidants - such as vitamins C, E and carotenes (vitamin A precursors) - and starches (which may protect against colon cancer). Other plant compounds such as indoles, flavones, phenols, coumarins, isothiocyanates, sterols and limonene may also play an anti-cancer role. Together,
plant components or phytochemicals that fight cancer have been dubbed "chemopreventive agents."
The possible "chemopreventive" role of antioxidants
The cancer-combatting or chemopreventive effects of fruit and vegetables are attributed by some experts to antioxidants such as
carotenoids or vitamin-A precursors. Their action in inhibiting cancer is ascribed mainly to
ability to combat
oxidative hits that damage DNA and cell membranes. The carotenoids are red, orange and yellow pigments found in fruit and vegetables such as cantaloupe, tomatoes, corn, carrots and peppers, as well as in green leafy vegetables such as spinach, brussel sprouts and broccoli (where their orange/yellow colour is masked by
green pigment, chlorophyll). Some carotenoids are converted into active vitamin A (retinal) inside
body, others not.
How about dietary supplements?
Since certain constituents in fruit and vegetables seem to reduce cancer risks, it is reasonable to wonder whether one should take supplements. While opinions vary, most nutritional scientists do not encourage use of vitamin or other supplements for cancer prevention. People can obtain all
necessary vitamins, minerals and other essential nutrients from a well balanced diet. There are no scientific grounds at present to support
anti-cancer benefits of taking vitamin or antioxidant supplements. "Besides
risk of toxicity from vitamin megadoses, there is
added danger," notes one University of Toronto expert, "that people who take supplements may falsely believe they are eating well, yet fail to achieve
health benefits of a balanced diet."
In addition to
expense, those who take supplements may neglect to eat
recommended quota of fruit and vegetables, miss out on other valuable components and get less effective health protection. The evidence for a cancer-protective effect of individual supplements is far less convincing than that for fresh fruit and vegetables as a whole. There is also concern about
safety of antioxidant supplements. Although vitamins C, E and beta-carotene have low toxicity, even when consumed in doses above recommended daily amounts, a few studies suggest that consuming large doses might not be safe.
Large studies now underway will clarify
action of individual dietary components. The joint effect of
many varied compounds in whole fruit and vegetables gives far greater protection against cancer than any individual nutrient or supplement. Finally, remember that diet is basically worthless if you are not getting
proper nutrition from your diet. If
basic nutrients from your diet are not being used to help heal your body and maintain overall health, you are wasting your time, effort, money and life. A healthy diet begins with proper and full nutrition.
The place to begin with your nutrition,
method to get
most benefit out of
foods you eat, especially in our modern world with foods rampant with antibiotics, poisoning of our lakes, rivers and oceans (not to mention
land and air), is to make liberal use of both herbal dietary supplements and especially dietary aids such as organic greens.

Loring Windblad has studied nutrition and exercise (as an informed amateur interested in the field) for more than 40 years, is a published author, graphic designer, freelance writer and photographer. He is married to the beautiful June Dawn, owner of Windy Dawn Marketing. Loring has written grants, business plans and resumes that got the job done right They can be reached through http://www.organicgreens.us