•1/8 teaspoon of garlic powder can be substituted for 1 clove of fresh garlic.

•1 pound of fresh mushrooms will be about same as a 10 ounce can of mushrooms.

•Powdered sugar can substitute for granulated sugar in baking. If you are looking for a delightful taste alternative try a cup of honey with a pinch of baking soda in place of a cup of granulated sugar.

•2 cups of fresh chopped tomatoes is equivalent to a 16 ounce can of crushed tomatoes. You may have to drain can or adjust for moisture in recipe.

•Adding about 2 Tablespoons of molasses to a cup of granulated sugar will substitute well for a single cup of brown sugar.

•Sherry or port wine can be used instead of red or white wine. Just lower amount to 2 Tablespoons equals ½ cup.

1721: Berlins' first coffee diner opens.

1727: Lieutenant colonel Francisco de Melo Palheta woos France's Governor of Guiana's wife into stealing and smuggling germinated coffee seedlings in a flowers basket for him. He returns to Brazil from which he was dispatched to settle a feud between French and Dutch about country border lines, only to have successfully stolen coffee and also settling dispute.

1732: Johann Sebastian Bach's famous one-act operetta, "Coffee Cantata," was a not so liked operatic criticism of extraordinary lengths royal and upperclass took to keep commoners from drinking coffee.

1773: In America Boston Tea Party allowed experimentation with and also a popular form of protest when drinking coffee.

1775: As "Prussia's" Frederick Greats wealth is diminished trying to stop imports of coffee and public scorn's his foolishness he has a change of heart.

1886: Wholesale grocer Joel Cheek names a coffee blend "Maxwell House," after hotel in Nashville, TN where it was served.

Early 1900's: In Germany,"Kaffee klatsch" is coined to describe women's gossip. At these affairs afternoon coffee becomes a standard occasion.

1900: When Hills Brothers start packaging coffee in metal tins, they half heartedly kill coffee shop diners and mills.

1901: Satori Kato Japanese-American chemist of Chicago invents instant coffee.

1903: Sanka is introduced to United States in 1923. Ludwig Roselius admits a batch of destroyed coffee beans over to chemist's, who remove caffeine from coffee beans without losing flavor. Then sells it as brand name "Sanka."

1906: George Constant Washington, an English chemist living in Guatemala, notices a powdery condensation forming on spout of his silver coffee holder. After experimentation, he creates first mass-produced instant coffee (his brand is called Red E Coffee).

1920: United States institute prohibition, and coffee sales explode.

1938: Having been asked by Brazil to help find a solution to their coffee surpluses, Nestle company invents freeze-dried coffee. Nestle develops Nescafe and introduces it in Switzerland.

1940: The US imports 70 percent of worlds coffee.

1942: During W.W.II, American soldiers are issued instant Maxwell House coffee in their ration kits. Back home, widespread hoarding leads to coffee rationing.

1946: Achilles Gaggia finishes his espresso machine In Italy. Cappuccino is named for resemblance of its color to robes of monks of Capuchin monastery.

1969: One week before Woodstock premier Manson Family murders coffee mogul Abigail Folger as she visits film maker Roman Polanski with Sharon Tate.

1971: The first Starbucks opens in Seattle's Pike Place public market.

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