New Generation of Anodizing

Written by Jerry L. Patel and Nannaji Saka, Ph.D.


Continued from page 1

Much asrepparttar traditional process,repparttar 127713 Microplasmic process is an electrochemical process, but there endsrepparttar 127714 similarity. The Microplasmic process is radically different fromrepparttar 127715 traditional anodizing processes in many respects. The distinguishing features ofrepparttar 127716 process may be summarized as follows.

· The process employs alkaline electrolytes whose composition is extremely critical torepparttar 127717 coating rate andrepparttar 127718 properties ofrepparttar 127719 anodic film that is formed. The pH ofrepparttar 127720 electrolyte is inrepparttar 127721 range 8 -12 and is thus environmentally sound. · The process employs Alternating Currents at high voltage and high current. Because ofrepparttar 127722 high voltage, a microplasma surroundsrepparttar 127723 electrodes andrepparttar 127724 oxygen ions produced inrepparttar 127725 plasma diffuse throughrepparttar 127726 anodic film intorepparttar 127727 aluminum substrate to react and form more anodic film. · The high voltage and high current allowrepparttar 127728 production of anodic films ofrepparttar 127729 same thickness as that ofrepparttar 127730 traditional process in a fraction ofrepparttar 127731 time. · Becauserepparttar 127732 voltages are higher thanrepparttar 127733 breakdown voltage ofrepparttar 127734 film formed, open channels are not necessary for sustainingrepparttar 127735 process and hence dense thick layers of nonporous film can be readily formed. · Becauserepparttar 127736 process employs AC power,repparttar 127737 productivity is increased. · The power from an electrical utility supply can be used with proper controls torepparttar 127738 electrochemical tank thus makingrepparttar 127739 process less capital intensive. There is no need for power rectification and waveform smoothing. · The temperature ofrepparttar 127740 electrolytic bath need not be precisely maintained. Indeed, successful coatings can be obtained even ifrepparttar 127741 temperature excursions are as much as 10-20 oC, further simplifyingrepparttar 127742 process. · The electrolytic composition itself is quite variable for different types of coatings. · Because ofrepparttar 127743 high density ofrepparttar 127744 coating, practically there is no change inrepparttar 127745 dimension ofrepparttar 127746 anodized part, and a completely finished part can be coated without major post processing finishing operations. The Microplasmic Process, however, produces an outer soft coating of about 15% that may be buffed off;repparttar 127747 remaining inner layer, is an extremely hard ceramic layer. · Above all, unlike withrepparttar 127748 traditional anodization process, aluminum alloy parts of any composition can be successfully anodized byrepparttar 127749 Microplasmic Process. Even more importantly, a variety of ceramic "alloy" coatings, such as Al2O3.SiO2, Al2O3.MgO, Al2O3..CaO etc. can only be produced byrepparttar 127750 Microplasmic Process. · The Microplasmic Process is also suited for a hard coating inside surface of a part i.e. cylindrical, conical or spherical hollow parts. Many coating processes inrepparttar 127751 market, like CVD, PVD, IVD, PEPVD, Sputtering, Thermal Spraying etc. are unable to coat inside surface of a long part.

4.0 Applications

Becauserepparttar 127752 microplasmic process produces a thick, well bonded ceramic coating on a variety of reactive light metal alloys, it can be used for a broad range of applications. The primary application could berepparttar 127753 replacement of heavier metallic alloys orrepparttar 127754 more expensive composite materials required byrepparttar 127755 aerospace and automotive industries by light metals (e.g., Al, Ti, Mg, and their alloys) coated byrepparttar 127756 Microplasmic Process. Other applications can be divided intorepparttar 127757 following categories: Chemical, Mechanical, Thermal, Electrical and Electronics, and combinations of these.

· Chemical: The ceramic coating can resist both aqueous and moderately high temperature and is resistant to strong acids and bases. Thus it can be used in chemical, and food processing industries. · Mechanical: The hardness ofrepparttar 127758 film is over 1300 kg/mm2 and thusrepparttar 127759 film can be used to resist sliding, abrasive and erosive wear. In additionrepparttar 127760 friction coefficient is low and thus can be used in marginally lubricated systems. · Thermal: The thermal conductivity ofrepparttar 127761 anodic film is much less than of metals. Thus anodized parts can be used to maintain uniform distribution of temperature and resist thermal shock. · Electrical and Electronic: The dielectric breakdown strength ofrepparttar 127762 Microplasmic film is comparable to that of alpha Al2O3 and hence can be used as an insulating film on electrical and electronic components.

Additionally,repparttar 127763 Microplasmic Process is also well suited for hard coating interior surfaces (such as those of hollow cylindrical and conical parts), recesses, blind holes, threaded sections, and so on.

Many coating processes inrepparttar 127764 market, such as Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD), Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD), Plasma Enhanced Physical Vapor Deposition (PEPVD), Sputtering, Thermal Spraying, etc. are unable to coatrepparttar 127765 inside surface of a long part. Thus, where appropriate these expensive coating processes can be readily replaced byrepparttar 127766 Microplasmic Process.

Microplasmic Corporation

Contact Information: Microplasmic Corporation 17 Esquire Drive Peabody, MA, USA Tel (978) 531-9145 Fax (978) 531-3671 Email: info@microplasmic.com Company Website http://www.microplasmic.com/ Public Relations Website http://www.microarcanodizing.com/

Jerry Patel: BS degree Mechanical Engineering - Fairleigh Dickinson University MS degree Engineering Management - Northeastern University Nannaji Saka, Ph.D: BS - Mechanical Engineering - Andhra University in India MS - Metallurgical Engineering - Indian Institute of Technology PH.D - Materials Engineering from - Department of Materials Science and Engineering at MIT.


WILL A NUCLEAR "ARMAGEDDON" BE THE LAST WAR? (PART 1)

Written by ARTHUR ZULU


Continued from page 1

“Everything would get better and better. This wasrepparttar world I was born in… Suddenly, unexpectedly, one morning in 1914 repparttar 127712 whole thing came to an end” -- Harold Macmillan.

“Civilization is going downhill. Very definitely … when civilization goes downhill,repparttar 127713 whole planet goes down” -- Lewis Mumford.

Those are frightening things to hear. But things never have beenrepparttar 127714 same sincerepparttar 127715 world went mad in 1914. Instruments of death were freely used -- poison gas, automatic weapons, huge canons, napalm bombs, atomic bombs.

When two atom bombs landed, one in Hiroshima andrepparttar 127716 other in Nagasaki, Japan in 1945, thousands perished in a twinkle of an eye - Hiroshima (80,000), Nagasaki (73,000).

Now look at this statistics: World War II took about 55 million lives (four timesrepparttar 127717 casualties of World War I). Yet, allrepparttar 127718 nuclear weapons possessed byrepparttar 127719 superpowers equal six thousand Second World Wars! Andrepparttar 127720 nuclear weapons possessed byrepparttar 127721 United States alone can kill every living human on earth today more than 12 times!

So, forgetrepparttar 127722 millions that died duringrepparttar 127723 world wars (that’s child play). Forgetrepparttar 127724 more than 35 million souls that have died sincerepparttar 127725 end of world war II in more than 150 wars (that’s a picnic atrepparttar 127726 Beach). Forgetrepparttar 127727 over 100 million persons that died inrepparttar 127728 last century alone, from wars and “ethnic cleansing” (that’s women’s war). And do not mindrepparttar 127729 fact that as you read this, about 12 wars are going on aroundrepparttar 127730 world (like a tea party).

But when a full-scale nuclear cataclysm breaks out, this planet will be in darkness, and byrepparttar 127731 timerepparttar 127732 thick smoke dissipates, you will raise a high five (just in case you still have five fingers), if you survive. Hear Carl Sagan again: “There ‘s no such thing as a winnable nuclear war because its aftermath would be so appalling thatrepparttar 127733 survivors would envyrepparttar 127734 dead”.

But just before you choose either to die or survive a nuclear war (not to talk ofrepparttar 127735 nuclear winter), let’s see what would happen if nuclear bombs start raining now!

Copyright © 2002, all rights reserved

Aboutrepparttar 127736 Author:

ARTHUR ZULU, The Most Controversial Writer inrepparttar 127737 World, isrepparttar 127738 author ofrepparttar 127739 best - selling book, HOW TO WRITE A BEST-SELLER. Download your copy and FREE excerpt at : http://www.1stbooks.com/bookview/10975. For FREE writing helps, mailto : controversialwriter@yahoo.com



ARTHUR ZULU, The Most Controversial Writer in the World, is the author of the best - selling book, HOW TO WRITE A BEST-SELLER.


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