Copyrights protect tangible expression of ideas. Copyright protection attaches when creator puts pen to paper and creates a tangible expression of idea. A copyright can be used to protect original works of authorship that are fixed in any tangible medium of expression. Thus, literary works, music, sound recordings, architectural and engineering drawings, pictures, photographs, paintings, and computer software are amenable to copyright protection. A copyright protects how subject matter is expressed, not idea itself or how described subject matter functions. The subject matter must be "novel" to extent that it must not have already been placed in public domain and, thus, dedicated to public.

Geographical Indications is a sign used which refers to goods emanating from a specific country or to a place situated therein as being place of origin of those goods. Typically, such a name conveys an assurance of quality and distinctiveness that is essentially attributable to original place of production. Geographical Indications are similar to trademarks in that they function as source indicators. However, there is clear distinction lies in fact that while a trademark identifies a good or service as originating from a particular producer, a geographical indication identifies specific place from where goods originates.

Limited Liability Corporation

Ah, good stuff. The primary benefit of using a corporation is limited liability advantage. Since it is considered a separate entity from shareholders, a corporation creates a barrier between corporate liabilities and assets of shareholders. The only risk shareholders take is loss of their investment in corporation.

Assume I own a home worth $800,000 in San Diego and invest $10,000 in a new business. The business is incorporated in California and is going to dominate VHS tape market. Alas, my fortune teller apparently had an off day when she told me to invest and company goes bankrupt in six months. I will lose my $10,000 investment, but not my $800,000 home. If business had been formed as a partnership, I would lose investment and some or all of my home depending on business debts.

In Closing

Considering it was originated in distant past, corporate entity is still remarkably relevant in modern times. Although proliferation of limited liability company has taken some wind out of sails, corporation remains a staple of business environment.