Human Cultural Evolution(?)Written by Robert Bruce Baird
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“Preconceived opinions on lack of maritime activity in pre-Spanish America have also affected botanical discussions of origin of common garden bean, ‘Phaseolus vulgaris’. Last century Könicke, in a paper on home of garden bean, pointed out that this crop plant was formerly generally accepted as having been cultivated in Europe by ancient Greeks and Romans, under name of Dolickos, Phaseolus, etc. The cultivation of same bean among Aborigines of America was therefore explained as result of its post-Columbian introduction from Old World by early Spaniards. (2) This was theory until Wittmack discovered in 1880 common garden bean among archaeological excavations of Reiss and Stübel at prehistoric cemetery of Ancon, Peru. (3) It was there found interred as food with mummy burials long antedating European discovery of America. Here was suddenly ample proof of pre-European cultivation of ‘Phaseolus’ in America, and beans were subsequently recovered from pre-Incan sites along entire coast of Peru. At this time, however, pre-Columbian specimens of ‘European’ bean were no longer accessible. The view was taken, therefore, that Old World ‘Phaseolus’ must after all have originated in aboriginal ‘America’, and been carried back thence to Europe by early Spaniards. (4) {Some have gone so far as to say that bird droppings are result of all these plant migration. The Yam or American sweet potato turned tide for champion of Euro-centric history in botany and zoology. He had to confess he had been wrong after decades of fighting point. Why then do we celebrate SLAVER Columbus? Is it not to maintain a colonial secret of deceit upon which our sovereign nations are founded? The Incans had a style of government that utopian philosophers like Sir Francis Bacon used as model in writing about possible forms of great government.} More recently Hutchison, Silow and Stephens pointed out, with corroborative botanical evidence, that ‘Phaseolus’ beans represent but one more indication of contact between Old and New World before Columbus. (5) The same problem concerns varieties of lima bean, ‘Phaseolus lunatus’, growing wild in Guatemala and common in earliest Chimu and Nazca graves of coastal Peru. In 1950 Sauer points to certain very early genetic peculiarities of a race of lima beans of primitive characteristics long under cultivation in parts of Indonesia and Indo-China, and says: ‘If, then, south-eastern Asia should prove to be a reservoir of more primitive lima beans, long since extinct in Peru and Mexico, a further problem of time and manner of trans-Pacific connection is raised by which American bean was communicated to native population across Pacific.’ (6) The same problem is also raised by a related bean, jackbean, or swordbean, ‘Canavalia’ sp. Stoner and Anderson have called attention to following: ‘The sword bean (‘Canavalia’), widely cultivated throughout Pacific and always considered to be of Old World origin, is now known from prehistoric sites along coasts of both South America and Mexico.’ (7) ‘Canavalia’ beans excavated from stratified deposits at Huaca Prieta on Pacific coast of Peru, date from between 3000 and 1000 BC. (8) Sauer states that its archaeological distribution and relation to wild species now indicate jackbean as a New World domesticate. (9) The above brief survey will show that, not only has anthropological thought for nearly a century been biased by ethno-botanical evidence, but to a quite considerable extent anthropological presuppositions have similarly affected American botany. The literature on origin and spread of certain American and Pacific island cultigens demonstrates that many botanical assumptions have been based on conviction that New World was isolated from rest of world prior to voyage of Columbus. Similarly, it has been taken for granted that only Indonesian craft could move eastwards into open Pacific, whereas culture of South American people was presumably confined to their own coastal waters due to lack of seaworthy craft. The material reviewed above shows that there is adequate evidence of aboriginal export of American plants into adjacent part of Pacific island area… Merrill favours Africa as original homeland of gourd, and proposes that it reached America across Atlantic. (10) If 13-chromosomed cultivated Old World cotton, together with wild American species, were actually employed in hybridization of 26 chromosomed New World cotton species then an overseas introduction from Old World is by far shorter and easier with westward drifts across open Atlantic than against elements across six times wider Pacific, where no 13-chromosomed cottons exist. The coconut was relayed straight across Pacific. If it originated in tropic America where all related genera occur, it must have spread with earliest Pacific voyagers, since it was present in Indonesia at beginning of Christian era. The yam has a similar complete trans-Pacific distribution… same strong ocean river, sweeping from Mexico straight to Philippines should be taken into account.” (11) The dyeing industry of Phoenician purple is in Peru as well as Mexico, and it was a critical and valuable export of Tyre. There are heraldic similarities and customs galore which we will continue to show. The purpose of adding these tidbits to all other ones I have covered in other books is to demonstrate two things. First and foremost (for purposes of this book), we can see academics and science are frequently wrong. Wrong, and motivated! Secondarily there is matter of megaliths and henges, Pyramids and dolmen or Round Towers that are all over World. They are key components of Neolithic Library system that encompassed all ‘Brotherhood’ of man in a spiritual and growth oriented culture of tolerance and egalitarian morals.NOTES: 1) Darwin's Century, Evolution and Man Who Discovered It., by Loren Eisely, 1958, Doubleday, 1961, pg. 187. 2) Sea Routes to Polynesia, by Thor Heyerdahl, with editorial notes by Karl Jettmar, Ph.D., Professor of Ethnology, Univ. of Heidelberg, and a foreword by Hans W: son Ahlmann, Ph. D. former President of International Geographical Union, 1968, Futura Publ., ed., 1974. brings us Könicke (1885, p.136) from pg. 73. 3) Ibid, Wittmack, (1880, p.176). 4) Ibid, Wittmack, (1886, 1888) 5) Ibid, Hutchinson, Silow and Stephens (1947, pg.138). 6) Ibid, Sauer (1950, p.502). 7) Ibid, Stoner and Anderson, (1949, p.392). 8) Ibid, Whitaker and Bird (1949, pg.2.). 9) Ibid, Sauer (1950, pg.499). 10) Ibid, Merrill (1950, pp.9-10). 11) Ibid, pgs. 73-76.
Columnist for The ES Press Magazine Author of Diverse Druids World-Mysteries.com guest writer Newagetravel.com
| | EqualityWritten by dr anil maheshwari
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In Hindu mythology---Man generally represents Aasman (the sky)---while woman is Dharti (earth)------man(purush) is known as Creator(rachieta) and woman(prakriti) is his creation(rachna)---Can creator be equal to his creation???????------Man is possessor----woman is his possession---Can possessor be equal to his possession????????? God and Mother nature have created and endowed man and woman with absolutely different qualities, attributes and functions------So can anyone please throw some light on " Any aspect in which man and woman are equal" and should be treated as equals????????? Your thoughts are eagerly awaited-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ok---om shanti---shivbaba yaad hai pbk dr anil maheshwari. websites : www.shivbaba.ca (for bks only) : www.advance-party.com (for BKs only) : www.creator-creation.com (for beginners) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Surgeon from mumbai--india----interested in knowing the how and why of the creation of this universe---and religion--spirituality--rajyoga meditation.
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