Broecker and his colleagues accepted presence of these much lower dates and suggested that whole matter was complicated by fact that there had been an estimated 200-year resurgence of glacial conditions, known as Valders re-advance, around mid-ninth millenium BC. They therefore acknowledged that their own findings might in fact relate to recession of ice fields after this time, bringing dates of their suggested 'major fluctuation in climate' and 'sharp change in oceanic conditions' down to well below c. 9000 BC. (13)

THE EVIDENCE OF POLLEN SPECTRA

Further evidence that dramatic changes accompanied transition from glacial to post-glacial ages came from work of Herbert E. Wright Jnr, of School of Earth Sciences at University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, (14) and J Gordon Ogden III of Department of Botany and Bacteriology at Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware. (15) Both examined pollen spectra range from sediment cores taken from various lake sites in Great Lakes area and found they provided clear evidence of an abrupt shift in flora at end of glaciation. The spruce forests that had thrived in cold harsh climate for many thousands of years were supplanted swiftly, first by pine and then by mixed hardwood forests, such as birch and oak. Deciduous trees, as we know, only thrive in a warmer climate.

The significance of these findings is acceleration at which this transition took place. In an article for journal 'Quaternary Paleoecology' in 1967, Ogden pointed out that some pollen spectra samples showed a 50 per cent replacement from spruce to pine occurring in just 10 centimetres of sediment. (16) In one sample taken from a site named Glacial Lake Aitken in Minnesota, transition from 55 per cent to 18 per cent spruce pollen occurred in only 7.6 centimetres of sediment, re- presenting a deposition corresponding to just 170 years. (17) The problem here is that conventional geologists and paleoecologists consider that transition from glacial to post-glacial ages occurred over several 'thousand' years, not just a few hundred {The time it takes for one or two trees to live and die.} years.

These findings so baffled Ogden that he was led to comment: 'The only mechanism sufficient to produce a change of kind described here would therefore appear to be a rapid and dramatic change in temperature and/or precipitation approximately 10,000 years ago.’ (18)

What kind of climatic 'event' might have been responsible for this 'rapid and dramatic change in temperature’ {Could this relate to buttercups found frozen and undigested in Mammoth mouths of Arctic?} in American Midwest, sometime around c. 8000 BC? Had it been a consequence of proposed cometary impact that devastated western hemisphere during this same epoch?

The knowledge that some 65 million years ago Cretaceous period had been abruptly brought to a close by just such an impact has softened most stubborn of minds concerning such a possibility. Broecker himself, in an article written for 'Scientific American' in 1983, now accepted that asteroid or comet impacts might be responsible for instigation and termination of glacial ages. (19)

This is indeed what Emilio Spedicato has suggested as mechanism behind revolution in climate and ocean temperature experienced during this period…” (20)

We will return to implications related to this and work of Mr. Collins throughout this encyclopedia as we develop real history from actual facts rather than Bible Narrative. It should be evident that these climate changes had significant impacts on society and created a loss of culture and technology in certain areas of world. There were probably people who took advantage of these spiritual and other perceptions that resulted as well.

The Indians who participate in Gallup Festival include Pueblos, as well as their more recent rivals, originally nomadic Navajos; latter's distant kin Apaches and Comanches; and more northern Great Plains-dwelling Sioux. Even members of far-off eastern-forest and Northwest Coast tribes attend. It is an occasion on which various factions within Native American population agree to set aside their differences and remember their brotherhood. For decades Campbell had wanted to attend event.

'It was an amazing thing,' Jean remembered. 'There was a parade and then all these dances, from different Indian tribes... (Jean was trying to write down choreography of different dances). At night dancing ground, a huge open space on edge of Gallup, {A small desert town when I would travel through it a few years ago.} was lit up by campfires of various groups of performers--tents all around--then more dances. It was really unforgettable.'

So impressive was experience that Joseph and Jean repeated it two years later, in 1952. This time they shared excursion with another couple who were friends from Woodstock, Jane and Wendell Jones. The itinerary included Zia Pueblo, and a closer probe into Navajo country that was familiar to Campbell from his work on Navajo mythology.

Toward end of their visit, Indians of Zia Pueblo were going to perform some ceremonies; Wendell and Jane had gone their way, and Joseph steered car down long, dusty unpaved road toward isolated Pueblo. It was a very traditional affair, to be culminated by a rain dance. Jean remembered that men had a purplish paint on their skin {Refer to our section on purple in 'Science' please.} Various ceremonies were enacted, but in early afternoon when it was time for rain dance, one of elders knowing that Joseph and Jean were due to return to New York that evening, took them aside. 'It's going to be raining soon,' he said, 'it's going to pour, and it could affect your trip. You'd better go now.' Joseph and Jean said their goodbye under gathering dark clouds that just seemed to materialize out of boundless western skies. They got into their car and began to drive eastward toward Santa Fe. And then it began to rain.

It was pouring when they finally reached Santa Fe and found a little rooming house. It rained all night, and after they started out in morning, 'it rained in every place we drove through on way back. We couldn't seem to get away from it. Finally we arrived in New York, and just gotten home, when it began to rain. By now we couldn't believe what was happening. 'Those guys are pretty powerful,' Joe said." (3 A Fire in Mind)

Joseph Campbell was one of premiere anthropologists and he wrote stories that native people throughout world knew would reach human race. It is unlikely that each of peoples who exposed him to such treats didn't know impact of books he wrote; and continuing need to teach white man error of his ways would be a part of their purpose. He has many such stories and his credibility and honesty is renowned, but his thoughts on 'bliss' are sublime.